Safety Culture Is The Common Beliefs And Ways - 1288 Words

Culture is the common beliefs and ways of doing things shared between those who learned their ways in the same environment. Safety culture is, however much of the same with a developed attitude towards safety. Safety culture can be strong, where people within an organization report incidents that occur or even when they had the opportunity to occur. On the other hand safety culture can also be poor where incidents are hidden or swept under the carpet and no action can be taken to decrease the possibility of it from happening again. Tools have been developed to assess the safety culture in many different organizations, usually those that have a high risk. Rules and regulations are typically implemented following incidents resulting in fatalities. Nuclear, medical and aviation are some of the main industries that have begun assessing safety culture within their organizations and implementing SMS systems to help distinguish situations that could have potentially caused an incident. Over the years safety has been taken more and more seriously and the safety culture throughout many organizations in general has been greatly improved upon. This has been mainly due to mishaps and incidents in the past that have led to fatalities. Following these incidents have been regulations and measures to ensure that the same thing is less likely to occur or possibly even impossible to occur again. Since so many regulations are now in place incidents are few and far between, which is a goodShow MoreRelatedCultural Safety in Clinical Practice1658 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective of cultural safety, culture is broadly defined to include ethnicity, customs, tradition, beliefs and values as well as socioeconomic status, age, gender, sexual orientation, religious and spiritual beliefs, ethnic/immigration status, values and disabilities (NCNZ, 2011). Culture is about ways of doing things and it can be learned and changed (Jarvis, 2012). Ethnicity on the other hand a is a form of ide ntification or belonging to a social group bonded by common history and cultural traditionRead MoreSafety-Culture Background and Concept: The Chernobyl Disaster1422 Words   |  6 Pagesassume that the written safety plans have the potential to be very effective, but companies ought to go ahead of the safety plan and build a suitable â€Å"safety culture†. The construction industry offers a thrilling and dynamic atmosphere. The flow of exclusive projects, the on-site operational environment, and the inventiveness and innovation required to solve one-off troubles require a creative approach to work which is seldom found elsewhere. The problem of safety culture - What is it and how doRead MoreExplain The Term Safety Culture 1481 Words   |  6 Pages4. Explain the term ‘ Safety Culture’ Safety culture has been described as the product of the values, attitude and behaviors of employees and employers in connection with workplace Safety. Since Human Resource Management and its related practices and policies attempt to influence and capture employee attitudes and values, ‘Safety Culture’ fits well with the orientation of this text. As such, ‘ Safety culture’ is an expression and product of management’s and employees attitude and values notwithstandingRead MoreSuperstition Is The Belief Of Supernatural Items And Occurrences904 Words   |  4 PagesSuperstition – it is the belief in supernatural items and occurrences; one event causes another to happen without any real logical reason or linkage between the events. Examples being: astrology, religion, luck, voodoo, ancient roman activities and prophecies. The major artifact science fights are superstitions due to science being logical as well as able to show linage between two event s – superstitious activities cannot. They are used in everyday life by everyday people, whether it’s subconsciousRead MoreEvaluating Safety Culture And Sms Implementation1399 Words   |  6 PagesAssessing Safety Culture SMS Implementation Safety culture is defined as consisting â€Å"of shared beliefs, practices and attitudes, that exist at an establishment. Culture is the atmosphere created by those beliefs, attitudes, etc.† (Middlesworth, M., February 19). In recent years, safety culture has become an aspect which most, if not all, companies and organizations require in order to succeed. What is difficult is how to measure or assess the safety culture currently present in that organizationRead MoreOrganizational Development For Cultural Safety1660 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment for cultural safety: A CASE STUDY Culture means the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society. The learned yet dynamic ways of being in everyday life, informed by attributes such as age, class, ability, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation, which influence beliefs, values and attitudes and how humans explain and respond to life’s context and circumstances (Cox, 2013, p1-25). Since people from different communities adhere to different cultures so interaction ofRead MoreAviation Safety And How Effective Crew Resource Management Training1513 Words   |  7 Pagescritical for companies to implement safety defences within their practices. Prioritising an effective safety culture within aviation depends on a combination of professional, national, organisational and just cultures (Hamilton, 2016). This essay gains insight into the potential positive and negative effects of these cultures in aviation safety and how effective Crew Resource Management training is, how it has systems have evolved and been implemented to optimise safety. The goal of this approach to cross-culturalRead MoreTaming The Curiousity1197 Words   |  5 PagesThere is something most if not all boys have in common, being either a child or even an adult: an unexplainable fascination with guns. Some would argue that this fascination, along with access to real or toy guns, is in combination with lethal consequences. This belief is based on the unproven notion that children tend to mature with less of an appreciation for the lives of others. On the other hand, there are those who do not view the combination as an issue. These people do understand that thereRead MoreThe Treaty Of Waitangi And The Rights Of The Maori People Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesof Waitangi with regards to the treaty text and the principles behind it and the relevance to the health and wellbeing of the Maori people in New Zealand. The Cultural Safety and other principles that are considered in the healthcare practice wil l also be tackled. While most of the discussion is focused on the treaty, cultural safety and Maori health various concerns are also considered to provide a suitable foundation on the topic. The treaty of Waitangi is the founding document of New Zealand. ItRead MoreNon Endangered Species Of Whales As A Cultural Exemption1055 Words   |  5 Pagesdependent upon this enterprise and for whom their cultures would drastically suffer economically, an exception should be made for a specified number of non-endangered whales per year and efforts should be made to identify ways to significantly reduce or even eliminate the practice. My belief that economically-driven exceptions should be made, however, is in no way based on a belief that cultural history should be considered a valid exemption. The common argument is that they are not hunting endangered

Climate Change - 737 Words

California Attempts to Defy Trump’s Policies on Climate Change Davenport, C., Nagourney, A. (2017). Fighting Trump on Climate, California Becomes a Global Force. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/us/california-engages-world-and-fights-washington-on-climate-change.html?_r=0 In this article, Daventport and Nagourney illustrate how California, the state with the most strict policies and laws on environment, is attempting to defy the federal government’s relaxed policies by partnering with international bodies and countries. In an effort to retain its status as an environmental conservationist state, California Governor Jerry Brown, who advocates for environmental conservation and protection, has gone beyond†¦show more content†¦The concept of dual federalism applies in this case as the state of California is fighting for its right to make and sustain its individual laws and regulations. Dual federalism views the federal system as a layered stack of cake, where each layer of the government performs that are most relevant at that level(Feeley Rubin, 2008). This theory was reflected much during the foundation of the US in the process of writing the Constitution (FeeleyRubin, 2008). It advocates for limited and distinct powers of the federal g overnment and specific tasks and roles left to the states governments. As such, it leaves each government supreme within its own limits and operations. The states have the rights to make its own laws and forge its future free of the interference of the national government as outlined in the Tenth Amendment(Feeley Rubin, 2008).In this case, California seems to be pulling in this way as it seeks to make and sustain its own policies and sign agreements with international bodies as well as countries free from the federal government interference(Feeley Rubin, 2008). In fact, California’s efforts seems to be violating the norms and traditions, but it should be noted that the state has the rights to do this under the constitution. The article provides a detailed information on the current conflicts between the state of California and the federal government in policy making, especially in regards toShow MoreRelatedClimate Changes And Climate Change Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Climate is inherently variable. Climate changes from place to place and it varies with time. The world now faces one of the complex and important issue it has ever had to deal with: climate change. Climate change today is one of the biggest concerns of human beings on the planet and the effects of climate change are undeniable and it may cause environmental, social, and economic threats to the planet. We already know and easily can highlight several signs of climate change. They are: risingRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1016 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Climate change is a reality that is happening now, and that we can see its impact across the world† (Haddrill, 2014) Climate change is the changes in the pattern of the climate due to natural and human activities that has been used inappropriately. Climate is defined as the â€Å"average weather† (Calow, 1998) for a particular region. Climate change is the human activities that affect Earth’s climate by using the human activities inappropriately that leads to the warming of the Earth. There are varietyRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of climate change has been around for quite a while. The earliest mention of climate change dates back to the 19th century. Swedish scientist, Svante Archenius was the first scientist to study the effect of CO2 on climate. (Rodhe et al 1997) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as â€Å"A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g by using statistical tests) by changes in mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persistsRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change935 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change is one of the most important challenges of humankind in this century. The ability to adapt, mitigate and reduce carbon emissions will be decisive to preserve the world for future generations. The last IPCC report has provided more evidence regarding the rise in temperature and sea level. Apparently, additional 2 °C above the pre-industrial average temperature levels is unavoidable, and it will continue at that level due the accumulation of gases in the atmosphere (Solomon 2009). ClimateRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1817 Words   |  8 Pageshear the words â€Å"climate change† what comes to mind? Probably weather and the change s. Many of us watch the news or use an app on our cellphones/electronic devices to keep an eye on the weather for the day, week, or even the month. But, there is actually a difference between weather and climate. Weather is actually â€Å"the changes we see and feel outside from day to day. It might rain one day and be sunny the next. Weather also changes from place to place† (Dunbar, 2014). Whereas â€Å"climate is the usual weatherRead MoreClimate Change Is The Change923 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change is the change in earth’s climate like temperature and precipitation over a particular region. Climate change has shown its affect all across the globe and is leading to all undesirable loses. Some of the reasons of radical climate changes are: †¢ Irresponsible activities of humans like misuse of fossil fuels, polluting water bodies and use of non-renewable sources †¢ Burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil are rising the levels of carbon dioxide in the air. Climate change is not onlyRead MoreClimate Change Is A Change1482 Words   |  6 Pages Climate change is a change in global or regional climate patterns. Climate change is a topic that is brought up in many different genres of conversations. Whether it be brought up and discussed in politics, school, family, or friends, some people still limit using those words when in casual conversation. Some of those same people are the people who still deny that climate change is happening. Climate change affects every single one of us. It affects everyone who lives on this earth every day andRead MoreThe Change Of The Climate Change1184 Words   |  5 Pages The world continues to spin and spin, and we’ve always heard about the condition of the climate. We hear about the changing levels of CO2 in our atmosphere and the Earth’s population contribution to the rise of it. No one usually stops to think about how the food production systems for the food we eat is also a contributing factor to the rise of CO2. â€Å"I turn my life upside-down, start biking to work, plan t a big garden, turn down the thermostat so low I need the Jimmy Carter signature cardiganRead MoreClimate Change3273 Words   |  14 Pages1. Introduction Scientific evidence of the world’s changing climate is unequivocal. The expected impacts of the changing climate are likely to adversely affect the well being of all countries and particularly the poorest countries, some of which are in Africa. The changing climate has been manifested in the form of: increased severity and frequency of droughts; floods and storms; water stress, coastal erosion, and higher incidence of vector borne diseases among others. The resulting declines inRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages Climate change is defined by the Intergovernmental panel on climate change ( IPCC) as a variation in the mean state of climate persisting for an extended period of time typically decades or longer while the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) defines climate change as a change in the climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alters the composition of the global atmos phere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed

Types of Essays Free Essays

string(105) " to cultivation and urbanization, and many have been orphaned by poachers cashing in on the ivory trade\." BIK 3033 : WRITING SKILLS TITLE Assignment 1 : Write a review for FOUR different types of essays. GROUP : UPSI 02(A112PJJ) PREPARED BY : NAME| ID NUMBER| TEL. NUMBER| ANBUSELVAN A/L NARAIYANAN| D20112054977| 017-3109372| E-LEARNING TUTOR : PN. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Essays or any similar topic only for you Order Now RAJA NOR SAFINAS BINTI RAJA HARUN DATE OF SUBMISSION : 12th APRIL 2013 Narrative essay Introduction ‘The Climb’ is a sample of narrative essay written by Amy. She conveyed her fear of height effectively. This essay is obtained from a website. Organization of the essay Paragraph| A new paragraph is formed when something changes in the story. Thesis statement| Amy decided to ascend a path to an area above a 100-ft. Waterfall even when she is terrified of heights. | Topic sentences| 1) Amy and her friends were on a day trip to the Boqueron, a gorgeous, lush spot in the foothills of Peru. 2) After eating their sack lunches within sight and sound of the fall, many of them wanted to make the climb to an area above it. 3) The climb ascended steeply above them. 4) All that Amy could think about was how far it would be to fall. 5) Questioning her own sanity, Amy decided at least to attempt the climb. ) She was soon past the first challenge safely, but not feeling much better abo ut the rest of the climb. 7) The difficulties only increased from that point on, with scary spot after scary spot. 8) With friends supporting her by words and actions, she slowly gained ground. 9) The slight handholds were few and far between. 10) Since getting up this next part was next to impossible, and waiting for a rescue helicopter was not an option, with fear and trembling Amy decided to go down, but not alone. 11) . A slip would mean an extremely long drop. 2) With no further mishaps, Amy and her friends came eventually to the last troublesome spot, the stretch between two boulders that had given Amy problems on the way up. 13) There were two possible descents from here. 14) She knew she has to take Seth’s route. 15) Seth held Amy’s feet tightly and slowly lowered her, guiding her feel to a firm place as she let her body slide over the leaves, twigs, and rock. 16) She had never felt so alive, and so thankful for that life. | Supporting details| 1) Its prime att raction is the main waterfall, about 100 feet high, that thunders into a crystal clear pool feeding the Aguaytia River. All around the pool and on down to the rushing river are boulders large and small. The beach is strewn with rocks. On both sides of the fall, the jungle stretches to meet it, rising parallel to it on a gentler slope. 2) A few friends went first to make sure they were on the right path. But after they left, Amy’s group of seven decided to go ahead without waiting for them to return. They went along the base of the hill until they reached the climb. 3) Along the right edge the jungle hugged the rocks; passage through its trees did not look feasible. Peering back down toward the river, Amy saw a steep slope of rocks all the way to the water. 4) Amy voiced her uncertainties to her friends. They dismissed her fears and encouraged her to stick it out. 5) She was speechless when watched her friend Tom suddenly, slipped and slid backward about 10 feet. 6) Consoling that her friend Seth would be right behind, she shakily began the ascent. The â€Å"path† led up a narrow area between boulders. In it, they reached a place where there just were no good handholds. Seth braced my foot, and those above sent down words of encouragement. ) Her heart raced faster when she thinks about the long drop to the boulders below. 8) Her friends were supporting her all the time. She trusted them more than herself. 9) She thinks that she couldn’t handle such a stretch. So, she must decide to go back down. 10) Amy and her friend, Melody who decided to go with her prayed for their safety and started descending. 11) Amy was uncertain of sliding to the bottom like Melody. But, with Melody’s encouragement, Amy succeeded too. 12) The rest the friends joined Amy and Melody. 13) One was a short jump. While the other route was where Seth injured himself when descending. 4) She was terrified. But, Seth gave her words of encouragement. So, Amy completely trusts Seth. 15) She was so relieved that at last she managed to reach the bottom. 16) Amy yelled happily. | Strengths of the essay In this essay the writer explained about her phobia on height. The writer well express her feelings. The story line was written attractively. The readers can feel the situation which gone through by the writer. The writer use simple language in this essay which is very easy to understand. Weaknesses of the essay Not enough drama to explain the real situation. The writer should concentrate more on the explanation in real situation. Besides that the way of expression was not well done by the writer. Cause and effect essay Introduction ‘Save the elephant’ is a cause and effect essay. It is written by Michelle. The writer opens a brief explanation of a case in which a herd of elephants is spared from death. But then goes on to explain how that is not typical. This essay is obtained from a website. Organization of the essay Paragraph| There are fourteen paragraphs that deliver the causes and effects of elephant extinction. The major and minor points are equally emphasized in the paragraphs. | Thesis statement| Threat on elephants has serious effects. | Topic sentences| Paragraph one : 1) Orphaned young elephants are aggressive. Paragraph two : 1) Full-grown bull elephants were brought to the park. Paragraph three : 1) The elephant population in Africa has been drastically reduced by loss of habitat to cultivation and urbanization, and many have been orphaned by poachers cashing in on the ivory trade. You read "Types of Essays" in category "Essay examples" Paragraph four : 1) Elephants are amazing creatures. Paragraph five : 1) Elephants have an enormous effect on the other animals and plants in their habitat. Paragraph six : 1) With only 2 elephant species left out of 600, the danger of extinction is imminent. Paragraph seven : 1) Humans have always taken advantage of the incredible strength and endurance of elephants. Paragraph eight : 1) Poaching is the chief reason that elephants are brought closer to extinction every day. Paragraph nine : 1) The poaching trade began in earnest in 1971, when a severe drought killed 9,000 elephants in a Kenyan game reserve. Paragraph ten : 1) Raw ivory is shipped by smugglers to factories where it is either carved into sculptures or converted into Chinese medicines. Paragraph eleven : 1) Many attempts have been made to stamp out poaching in African game reserves, but law enforcement has proved extremely difficult. Paragraph twelve : 1) Officials in Zimbabwe and Botswana have tried to remedy this problem in an interesting fashion. Paragraph thirteen : 1) Another approach taken to prevent peasants from turning to poaching was to use money generated by park tourism to build clinics and provide educational programs for surrounding communities. Paragraph fourteen : 1) In recent years, the number of elephant killings due to poaching has decreased, largely due to the worldwide ban (since 1990) on the trade of ivory. | Supporting details| Paragraph one : 1) The elephants went on a killing spree, slaying almost 40 rhinoceros—including incredibly rare black rhinos. The park officials did not want to kill the young elephants, but they could not afford to have any more rhinos slaughtered. Paragraph two : 1) A previously impossible hierarchy had been established, and the orphaned males fell right into place. As of yet, no rhino killings have been reported. Paragraph three : 1) Some biologists believe that if elephant numbers continue to drop, it will soon be impossible to save the species. Paragraph four : 1) As well as holding the title of â€Å"largest land animal,† they are also among the most intelligent. An elephant has 150,000 muscle units in its trunk, can swim long distances without tiring, walks almost silently despite weighing about 7 tons, can travel up to 6,000 miles in a year while searching for food, and can live 60 years. Full-grown elephants have no natural enemies, other than humans. Paragraph five : 1) Eating 165-330 pounds of food a day, an elephant can clear thick brush into open savannah in no time, creating an open habitat for other animals. Several tree species rely almost solely on the elephant to scatter their seeds. If the elephant were to disappear, these life-forms would bear the consequences. Paragraph six : 1) If the population in any particular area drops below 100 individuals (as it has in several parks), that population is virtually doomed, having entered an â€Å"extinction vortex. † Continued inbreeding leads to genetic deterioration, which results in fewer reproductive males and females being born. The numbers begin to drop, and the cycle continues until the population completely dies out. Evidence of this genetic deterioration can be seen in elephant tusks, which are gradually becoming smaller. All elephants with exceptionally large tusks have already been poached. Paragraph seven : 1) Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, used elephants to carry his supplies across the Alps in the third century. Elephants have been ridden onto the battlefield, have been trained to carry heavy logs, and were even used during World War II to drag military equipment up steep slopes. We have used elephants to our advantage for more than 2,000 years. Paragraph eight : 1) From 1986 to 1989, 300,000 African elephants were killed for their ivory tusks. In 1986 alone, 75 percent of raw ivory came from illegal poaching—the equivalent of 89,000 elephants. Recently, laws have been instituted that completely ban any hunting of the endangered elephants. However, this has only made poaching easier; without professional hunters carefully patrolling their favourite hunting blocks, park rangers alone are left to deal with poachers. Carrying outdated World War II rifles, the rangers are no match for ruthless poachers with AK-17’s, who have been known to kill rangers, local farmers, and even tourists to avoid capture. Paragraph nine : 1) Neighbours of the park moved in to collect ivory. They found it was very profitable, and when the supply dwindled and they could no longer simply pick it up from the ground, they turned to the living elephants. In 1973 there were 167,000 elephants in Kenya. By 1987, there were only 20,000 left. Paragraph ten : 1) Before President Bush’s 1989 ban, the United States was one of the largest importers of worked ivory in the world. Major consumers of ivory today include China, Hong Kong, India, Taiwan, and Japan. The demand for ivory in these countries—as well as the price paid to poachers—has increased over the years, in some places by 1000 percent. Weapons are also more available due to the civil wars and political unrest in certain African countries. These factors have contributed to increase poaching and will ultimately contribute to the demise of elephants. Paragraph eleven : 1) Lack of funding for conservation projects and for staff to patrol the parks is a major obstacle in the quest to protect threatened species. ) Many poachers come from poor communities adjacent to major parks. The people in these communities have to put up with harassment from wild animals, and they rarely get anything in return. Consequently, they do not object to making some money at the expense of an elephant or two. The scenario is common in the poor countries of Africa, such as Kenya, where 30 million hungry people are crowded into an area the size of Texas. Paragraph twelve : 1) They granted ownership of all the wild animals in a certain area to the nearest village or community. Contrary to public expectations, this method was relatively successful. The communities managed resources carefully, monitored their animals well, and even earned money from safari expeditions. Unfortunately, community ownership of animals seemed to work only in areas with large areas of land and few people. Paragraph thirteen : 1) However, because some parks do not attract as many tourists as others do, and also because of the sheer number of poor villages, the benefits were spread too thinly. Paragraph fourteen : 1) However, the illegal trade continues, and as long as it does, poachers will be a part of it. The poaching problem is incredibly intricate. Fuelled by the illicit trade to Southeast Asia and the rest of the world, it is also the result of a lack of education and public services in African villages. | Strengths of the essay In this essay the writer explained about elephants which are headed toward extinction. The writer also clearly establishes the main causes of this situation as well as their sad effects. The writer took a lot of efforts to compile the details of the elephants. The explanation is about the current situation of the elephants. The explanation about the current situation of the elephants was explained with a lot of facts. When read this essay the reader can feel the real unseen situation of the largest animal on the earth. Weaknesses of the essay In some places of this essay the writer repeat the facts. The writer also uses difficult words which is annoying. The writer should concentrate on language which is easy to understand. Besides that this essay is too long. Half way of reading it the reader will feel boring. Compare and contrast essay Introduction ‘Elementary school and middle school: The differences and similarities’ is a compare and contrast essay. This essay is obtained from a website (Time for Kids). Organization of the essay Paragraph| The essay has two developmental paragraphs. First paragraph is about what an elementary school and middle school have in common. While the second, explains the differences. | Thesis statement| There are few similarities and differences between elementary schools and middle schools. | Topic sentences| Paragraph one : * Elementary schools and middle schools have many traits in common. Paragraph two : * There are some big changes that new middle school students should be aware of. Supporting details| Paragraph one : 1) Typically, both are open five days a week for a set number of hours each day. Students sit at desks in classrooms and are expected to listen to and learn from their teachers. There is a set time for lunch. Each day, students are given homework assignments. Students take quizzes and tests. Paragraph two : 1) In elementary school, students usually stay in the same classroom with one teacher for most of the day. That is not the case in middle school, where students typically have a different teacher for each subject. Students must move to a different classroom for each subject too. Since there is not one classroom in which to store supplies, middle schools often provide students with lockers. | Strengths of the essay The writer uses simple language. It makes this essay easier to understand. The writer concentrated on the comparative points and delivered them well. Weaknesses of the essay The writer should give more differences between Elementary school and Middle school. The writer should concentrate more on the situation in this two difference schools. The essay didn’t provide information on the subjects enrolled in both schools Classifying essay Introduction ‘Types of computers’ is a classifying essay. It is written by Oya Ozagac on May 1994. The writer uses simple language to deliver her message. This essay is obtained from a website. Organization of the essay Paragraph| There are five developmental paragraphs; each defines each type of computers. Similarities and differences of the computers are flashed. | Thesis statement| There are five types of computers according to their functions and capabilities. | Topic sentences| Paragraph one : * The most familiar type of microprocessor is the personal computer (PC). Paragraph two : * Another purpose for using a microprocessor is as a workstation. Paragraph three : * A computer can also be used as a server. Paragraph four : * A fourth type, a main frame is the heart of a network of computers or terminals which allows hundreds of people to work at the same time on the same data. Paragraph five : * Sometimes, computers can be used for specialized fields as well. | Supporting details| Paragraph one : * PC is designed for general use by a single person. Two types of PC available are the desktop and the laptop. The desktop is set up in a permanent location while the laptop is portable. Paragraph two : * The computers used for this purpose have a more powerful processor, additional memory and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game development. Paragraph three : * The server provides services to other computers over a network. Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives. Servers also have the capacity to store data related to the company. If there is an Internet connection, a server is also enables the company workers to observe who is visiting their pages from which server. This helps developing the business. Paragraph four : * It is indispensable for the business world. These machines are huge both in size and in capacity. Generally they are kept in a separate room where nobody can reach since their breakdown can cause a fortune to the company. Paragraph five : * The supercomputer is the top of the heap in power and expense. It is used for jobs that take massive amounts of calculating, like weather forecasting, engineering design and testing, serious decryption, and economic forecasting. | Strengths of the essay This essay consists of the type of computers and its usage. The writer explained very well about computers. Besides that the writer wrote the history of the computer which is most of us doesn’t know. This essay consists of maximum details of the computer. The reader will get a lot of knowledge by reading this essay. Weaknesses of the essay Although the writer use simple words to make this essay interesting but the writer should pay more attention on examples. The writer should give more examples for her explanation. Besides, the essay lack of description about computers. APPENDIXES 1) Narrative essay Amy, the author of this personal narrative, effectively uses voice to convey the fear she feels as she ascends a path to an area above a 100-ft. waterfall. Her expert choice of words helps to paint a beautiful picture of her surroundings. The Climb I have this fear. It causes my legs to shake. I break out in a cold sweat. I start jabbering to anyone who is nearby. As thoughts of certain death run through my mind, the world appears a precious, treasured place. I imagine my own funeral, then shrink back at the implications of where my thoughts are taking me. My stomach feels strange. My palms are clammy. I am terrified of heights. Of course, it’s not really a fear of being in a high place. Rather, it is the view of a long way to fall, of rocks far below me and no firm wall between me and the edge. My sense of security is screamingly absent. There are no guardrails, flimsy though I picture them, or other safety devices. I can rely only on my own surefootedness—or lack thereof. Despite my fear, two summers ago I somehow found myself climbing to a high place, while quaking inside and out. Most of our high school had come along on a day trip to the Boqueron, a gorgeous, lush spot in the foothills of Peru. Its prime attraction is the main waterfall, about 100 feet high, that thunders into a crystal clear pool feeding the Aguaytia River. All around the pool and on down to the rushing river are boulders large and small. The beach is strewn with rocks. On both sides of the fall, the jungle stretches to meet it, rising parallel to it on a gentler slope. After eating our sack lunches within sight and sound of the fall, many of us wanted to make the climb to an area above it. We knew others had done so on previous trips. A few guys went first to make sure they were on the right path. But after they left, my group of seven decided to go ahead without waiting for them to return. I suspected we were going the wrong way, but I kept silent, figuring that the others knew better. We went along the base of the hill until we reached the climb. It stopped me in my tracks. The climb ascended steeply above us. Along the right edge the jungle hugged the rocks; passage through its trees did not look feasible. The majority of my view was filled with rocks. Looming high to the sky, the boulders rose in a tiered manner. Peering back down toward the river, I saw a steep slope of rocks all the way to the water. All I could think about was how far it would be to fall. My tense thoughts were interrupted by the realization that my friends were already beginning to climb! My anxiety increased as I watched them. Do I turn back? My whole being shouted, â€Å"Yes! †Ã‚  Will I regret it later? I really want to get to the top, but†¦ I voiced my uncertainties to my friends. They dismissed my fears and encouraged me to stick it out. Questioning my own sanity, I decided at least to attempt the climb. I chose a path that seemed easiest. My friend Tom was ahead of me. Then, suddenly, he slipped and slid backward about 10 feet! I watched, paralyzed, until he stopped himself and assured us he was all right. My heart was hammering. Now those who had tried the other way came back; it had not worked. Consoling myself that my friend Seth would be right behind me, I shakily began the ascent. The â€Å"path† led up a narrow area between boulders. In it, we reached a place where there just were no good handholds. Seth braced my foot, and those above sent down words of encouragement. I was soon past the first challenge safely, but not feeling much better about the rest of the climb. The difficulties only increased from that point on, with scary spot after scary spot. Though I knew I should not look down, I could not always ignore the long drop to the boulders below. My breathing sped up, but my heart pounded even faster, growing loud in my ears. My friends kept right on climbing. But they did not forget me. Someone was always behind me to help hold my feet steady when necessary, and someone else was always ahead to offer a hand up. I trusted them more than myself; I knew my feet could easily slip. With friends supporting me by words and actions, I slowly gained ground. Finally we came to the worst section yet. To me the slope looked very close to vertical. The slight handholds were few and far between. Being short, I knew the stretches would be difficult enough in normal conditions. In my current panic, it would be much worse. The alternative was to go back down. Which was more difficult? I didn’t want to go either way, but obviously I had to go somewhere. The trouble was, we were not getting any nearer to the falls. By now, we realized that this route was not the way most frequented! But knowing this did not get me any closer to safety. Since getting up this next part was next to impossible, and waiting for a rescue helicopter was not an option, with fear and trembling I decided to go down, but not by myself. Melody agreed to go with me, earning my eternal gratitude. She paused to pray for safety; I did not trust my voice enough to pray aloud. Now, with our backs to the rocks, the drop was continually in our line of vision. It seemed even steeper than before. The song â€Å"Angels Watching Over Me† ran through my head as we began, Melody going first. I kept up a steady stream of chatter, my trembling voice betraying my fear. One of the first tough places we came to gave us trouble. Cautiously stretching one foot down, Melody could not reach the bottom of the boulder. A slip would mean an extremely long drop. So we tried a different route where a fall would be shorter. It was somewhat wet and would entail a short slide to reach the bottom. Melody made it safely. I hesitated, unsure of my footing, and picturing myself at the bottom of the cliff, bones broken and pain wracking my body, if I still lived. â€Å"You can do it! I’m right here,† Melody called. She waited patiently, not pressuring me to hurry. Inching carefully to the edge, I could see in the corner of my eye the boulders and river far below. As I started down the rock, my foot slipped! My heart jumped into my throat as the terror I had held just under the surface swept over me. I’m gonna fall! I inwardly shrieked. It had been only a small slip, however; I was not in midair! I took a few calming breaths, and my heart repositioned itself where it belonged. With no further mishaps, we came eventually to the last troublesome spot, the stretch between two boulders that had given me problems on the way up. Thankfully, the rest of our friends had given up climbing to the top and had now caught up to us. There were two possible descents from here. One way included a short jump down. I decided to check out the other way. Seth was working his way down this second route when he fell a few feet and bruised himself! I again looked over the first option. Do I want to jump? There’s a big drop if I jump wrong or don’t stop on the ledge! But the other way†¦! I knew if I was to get down, it would have to be Seth’s way. He was willing to help me however he could. I inspected the â€Å"path† he had taken. There was some low vegetation, matted down and sloping slightly toward the edge. Then came a drop down to a narrow inlet between rocks. That was not so bad. The hitch lay in the fact that there was no handholds or footholds, and my short legs would not reach to the rocks. â€Å"Uh, I don’t know about this. I don’t like the looks of it! † I said, my voice quavering. â€Å"You can make it, Amy! I’m right here. I won’t let you fall,† Seth promised. Slowly, painstakingly, I backed over the vegetation. â€Å"I’m coming down,† I warned, my voice unsteady. I’m ready,† answered Seth. â€Å"I got you. † His assurances gave me the strength to go on. I trusted him implicitly. Flattening myself onto my belly, I edged my feet into midair. Seth held them tightly and slowly lowered me, guiding my feel to a firm place as I let my body slide over the leaves, twigs, and rock. Wh en my feet made contact with the solid rock, I heaved a huge sigh of relief. I could feel the fear draining out of me. My arms and legs were scratched up; I was dirty and sweaty. But none of it mattered. I was at the bottom! â€Å"Yaaaaaaahhhh! † I yelled. I never felt so alive, and so thankful for that life. 2) Cause and effect essay This cause/effect essay opens with a brief explanation of a case in which a herd of elephants is spared from death, but then goes on to explain how that is not typical—that, in fact, elephants are headed toward extinction. Michelle, the author, clearly establishes the main causes of this situation, as well as their sad effects. Save the Elephants What should be done with a herd of marauding elephants? This was the problem recently confronting officials at Pilanesberg National Park in South Africa. A number of orphaned male elephants had been transported to the park in order to provide them with a safe and nurturing environment. However, this step to protect the elephant population soon threatened another endangered species. The young elephants had entered musth, like puberty, a state of heightened hormonal activity and increased aggression. The elephants went on a killing spree, slaying almost 40 rhinoceros—including incredibly rare black rhinos. The park officials did not want to kill the young elephants, but they could not afford to have any more rhinos slaughtered. Oddly enough, the solution to this disastrous situation was to bring more male elephants into the park. This time, however, they were full-grown bull elephants. In almost no time at all, a previously impossible hierarchy had been established, and the orphaned males fell right into place. As of yet, no rhino killings have been reported. The Pilanesberg story has a positive ending, but many elephants are not as lucky. The elephant population in Africa has been drastically reduced by loss of habitat to cultivation and urbanization, and many have been orphaned by poachers cashing in on the ivory trade. Some biologists believe that if elephant numbers continue to drop, it will soon be impossible to save the species. Elephants are amazing creatures. As well as holding the title of â€Å"largest land animal,† they are also among the most intelligent. An elephant has 150,000 muscle units in its trunk, can swim long distances without tiring, walks almost silently despite weighing about 7 tons, can travel up to 6,000 miles in a year while searching for food, and can live 60 years. Full-grown elephants have no natural enemies, other than humans. Like most animals, elephants have an enormous effect on the other animals in their habitat. Eating 165-330 pounds of food a day, an elephant can clear thick brush into open savannah in no time, creating an open habitat for other animals. Several tree species rely almost solely on the elephant to scatter their seeds. If the elephant were to disappear, these life-forms would bear the consequences. With only 2 elephant species left out of 600, the danger of extinction is imminent. If the population in any particular area drops below 100 individuals (as it has in several parks), that population is virtually doomed, having entered an â€Å"extinction vortex. Continued inbreeding leads to genetic deterioration, which results in fewer reproductive males and females being born. The numbers begin to drop, and the cycle continues until the population completely dies out. Evidence of this genetic deterioration can be seen in elephant tusks, which are gradually becoming smaller. All elephants with exceptionally large tusks have already been poached. Humans have always taken advantage of the incredible strength and endurance of elephants. Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, used elephants to carry his supplies across the Alps in the third century. Elephants have been ridden onto the battlefield, have been trained to carry heavy logs, and were even used during World War II to drag military equipment up steep slopes. We have used elephants to our advantage for more than 2,000 years. Now we are destroying them. Poaching is the chief reason that elephants are brought closer to extinction every day. From 1986 to 1989, 300,000 African elephants were killed for their ivory tusks. In 1986 alone, 75 percent of raw ivory came from illegal poaching—the equivalent of 89,000 elephants. Recently, laws have been instituted that completely ban any hunting of the endangered elephants. However, this has only made poaching easier; without professional hunters carefully patrolling their favorite hunting blocks, park rangers alone are left to deal with poachers. Carrying outdated World War II rifles, the rangers are no match for ruthless poachers with AK-17’s, who have been known to kill rangers, local farmers, and even tourists to avoid capture. The poaching trade began in earnest in 1971, when a severe drought killed 9,000 elephants in a Kenyan game reserve. Neighbors of the park moved in to collect ivory. They found it was very profitable, and when the supply dwindled and they could no longer simply pick it up from the ground, they turned to the living elephants. In 1973 there were 167,000 elephants in Kenya. By 1987, there were only 20,000 left. Raw ivory is shipped by smugglers to factories where it is either carved into sculptures or converted into Chinese medicines (which may actually have very little medicinal value). Before President Bush’s 1989 ban, the United States was one of the largest importers of worked ivory in the world. Major consumers of ivory today include China, Hong Kong, India, Taiwan, and Japan. The demand for ivory in these countries—as well as the price paid to poachers—has increased over the years, in some places by 1000 percent. Weapons are also more available due to the civil wars and political unrest in certain African countries. These factors have contributed to increased poaching and will ultimately contribute to the demise of elephants. Many attempts have been made to stamp out poaching in African game reserves, but law enforcement has proved extremely difficult. Lack of funding for conservation projects and for staff to patrol the parks is a major obstacle in the quest to protect threatened species. In addition, many poachers are not the professionals seen on TV, with trucks full of supplies, traps, and technologically advanced weapons. Instead, they come from poor communities adjacent to major parks. The people in these communities have to put up with harassment from wild animals, and they rarely get anything in return. Consequently, they do not object to making some money at the expense of an elephant or two. The scenario is common in the poor countries of Africa, such as Kenya, where 30 million hungry people are crowded into an area the size of Texas. Officials in Zimbabwe and Botswana have tried to remedy this problem in an interesting fashion. They granted ownership of all the wild animals in a certain area to the nearest village or community. Contrary to public expectations, this method was relatively successful. The communities managed resources carefully, monitored their animals well, and even earned money from safari expeditions. As it turns out, a trophy hunter spends 100 times more to shoot a single animal than an average tourist spends to just look. Unfortunately, community ownership of animals seemed to work only in areas with large areas of land and few people. Another approach taken to prevent peasants from turning to poaching was to use money generated by park tourism to build clinics and provide educational programs for surrounding communities. However, because some parks do not attract as many tourists as others do, and also because of the sheer number of poor villages, the benefits were spread too thinly. In recent years, the number of elephant killings due to poaching has decreased, largely due to the worldwide ban (since 1990) on the trade of ivory. However, the illegal trade continues, and as long as it does, poachers will be a part of it. The poaching problem is incredibly intricate. Fueled by the illicit trade to southeast Asia and the rest of the world, it is also the result of a lack of education and public services in African villages. It is evident that a single country cannot successfully combat poaching and the loss of elephant habitat. The world needs to unite like never before if we want to save our remaining elephants. 3) Compare and contrast essay Elementary School and Middle School: The Differences and Similarities What is it like to transition from elementary to middle school? That is a question many kids ask each year. Having experienced both, I can tell you that there are plenty of similarities as well as some very big differences between the two types of schools. Elementary schools and middle schools have many traits in common. Typically, both are open five days a week for a set number of hours each day. Students sit at desks in classrooms and are expected to listen to and learn from their teachers. There is a set time for lunch. Each day, students are given homework assignments. Students take quizzes and tests. In all of these ways, middle school should feel somewhat familiar to new students. However, there are some big changes that new middle school students should be aware of. In elementary school, students usually stay in the same classroom with one teacher for most of the day. That is not the case in middle school, where students typically have a different teacher for each subject. Students must move to a different classroom for each subject too. Since there is not one classroom in which to store supplies, middle schools often provide students with lockers. For many kids, getting a locker is a welcome rite of passage. Making the move from elementary school to middle school may seem scary, but knowing what to expect can really help. Elementary school provides kids with the experiences they need to be ready for middle school. Even though moving on means adjusting to a new environment, some things, including many of the classmates who accompany you, will remain the same. ) Classifying essay Types of Computers There are a lot of terms used to describe computers. Most of these words imply the size, expected use or capability of the computer. While the term â€Å"computer† can apply to virtually any device that has a microprocessor in it, most people think of a computer as a device that receives input from the user through a mouse or keyboard, processes it in some fashion and displays the result on a screen. Computers can be divided into five according to the purpose they are used for and their capabilities. The most familiar type of microprocessor is the personal computer (PC). It designed for general use by a single person. While a Mac is also a PC, most people relate the term with systems that run the Windows operating system. PCs were first known as microcomputers because they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the huge systems in use by most businesses. A PC can come in two types (three if we include the Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) that differ from PCs not by the working policy but in appearance as well. ): Desktop and laptop. The former is not designed for portability. The expectation with desktop systems is that you will set the computer up in a permanent location. Most desktops offer more power, storage and versatility for less cost than their portable brethren. On the other hand, the laptops – also called notebooks – are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book. Another purpose for using a microprocessor is as a workstation. The computers used for this purpose have a more powerful processor, additional memory and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game development. A computer can also be used as a server. For this, it needs to be optimized to provide services to other computers over a network. Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives. Servers also have the capacity to store data related to the company. If there is an Internet connection, a server is also enables the company workers to observe who is visiting their pages from which server. This helps developing the business. A fourth type, a main frame is the heart of a network of computers or terminals which allows hundreds of people to work at the same time on the same data. It is indispensable for the business world. These machines are huge both in size and in capacity. Generally they are kept in a separate room where nobody can reach since their breakdown can cause a fortune to the company. Sometimes, computers can be used for specialized fields as well. The supercomputer is the top of the heap in power and expense. It is used for jobs that take massive amounts of calculating, like weather forecasting, engineering design and testing, serious decryption, and economic forecasting. With the increasing demand in different specialties, new adjustments are being made to microprocessors and new types of computers that serve different purposes emerge. In this ongoing process, it would not possible to put a full stop here. What we suggest is that it is better to keep an eye on the development of science in this field and keep updating our knowledge in order not to be out-of-date like the computers of old times that were as big as a room. ________________________________________________________ Written by Oya Ozagac, May 2004 Copyright @ 2006 Bogazici University SFL How to cite Types of Essays, Essays

Confidentiality and Privacy Controls for Digital Signatures

Question: Discuss about theConfidentiality and Privacy Controls for Digital Signatures. Answer: Introduction This chapter includes the two important aspects: Maintaining confidentiality of organization. Secrecy of personal information. Confidentiality For preserving the confidentiality following actions are to be taken: Information Identification and classification- Information identification is the first step after that classification is done which is the responsibility of owners of information as per COBIT 5 and not security personnels. Encryption- It is the most effective method for protecting information. It is the process of converting the text into cipher text; vice versa case is called as Decryption. Access controls levied on information- Authentication and authorization are initial control access and thus are not sufficient to protect the same and thus additional controls are levied. Information rights management and Data loss prevention tools are used. Employees training- Training is provided to employees for protecting client data and maintaining confidentiality. Privacy Any unauthorized leak of information may lead to infinite loss for which privacy controls are implemented. Encryption is an effective control for ensuring privacy in which information is encrypted both at the time of sending and storing. It saves organization from loss as well as monetary effect due to loss. Privacy Concerns: Spam It is an unsolicited email which contains offensive or advertising content. It not only affects the efficiency but also results into viruses, malware, worms and other spyware programs. Controls such as CAN-SPAM Act (2003) were introduced. Under these law penalties of both civil and criminal is imposed on violation of law. It includes the following provisions- Display of sender identity in the header should be clearly presented. Subject should evidently classify the message as advertisement or solicitation. Main content should contain list of recipients with a working link for Opt-out requests for which organization shall place the responsibility. It is an ethical practice to have valid address. Organizations are advised to design their own websites and not send any commercial email to any email address. Identity Theft It is defined as unauthorized use of someone personal information for perpetrators benefit. It may lead to financial crime by looting the clients bank account or medical theft by manipulating the reports of the client leading to some life threatening diseases or tax identity threat in which the fraudsters file an invalid return of refund. So it is an ethical and moral practice to safeguard the client information and provide safeguard against such threats. Following 10 best practices are adopted by the organization Management - By assigning responsibilities and accountability to a specific group of persons to follow proper policies and procedures for protecting customers information. Notice - A notice is provided to clarify the type of information collected, reason associated and using the same. Choice and consent- Individuals are provided with choice and consent to be taken before using their information. There are two approaches called as opt-in and opt-out. GAAP suggests to use opt in approach. Collection- Only collecting that information which is needful. Cookie is a text file which contains the tasks which user has done on site and it is stored in hard disk. Use and retention- Policies should be formulated to ensure that the use of information as stated in privacy policy and retain only till when it is required for business purpose. Access Access to add delete modify the information. Disclosure to third parties- Disclosure shall be made only when policies of organization allows. Security- Use of preventive, detective and corrective controls. Quality- By ensuring integrity of information this target can be achieved. Monitoring and enforcement- Continuous monitoring is required of the stated policies and enforcement of policies is required. Encryption System and its types Factors influencing are key length, encryption algorithm and various policies for managing cryptographic keys. These are of 2 types: Symmetric and Asymmetric systems. In symmetric there is the use of same key for encrypt and decrypt but in asymmetric there are 2 keys that is public and private key. Loss of keys for both is a threat. Hashing A plain text is converted into a short code which is called as Hash. Difference between hash and encryption is encryption produces cipher text whereas it produces only short code and encrypted data can again be decrypted but code cannot be converted again to plain text. Hashing maintains the integrity of data and is unique for each function. Digital Signatures It is defined as authentication of documents as a replacement of physical signature. It is a two-step process in which first hash is created and then the same is decrypted by private key and this is how digital signature is authenticated. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) VPN may be defined as a technology used to create a safe and encrypted connection over internet. It is a privately owned connection without bearing the costs of leased line. It is only assessable to those who have encryption and decryption keys.