Safety Culture Is The Common Beliefs And Ways - 1288 Words

Culture is the common beliefs and ways of doing things shared between those who learned their ways in the same environment. Safety culture is, however much of the same with a developed attitude towards safety. Safety culture can be strong, where people within an organization report incidents that occur or even when they had the opportunity to occur. On the other hand safety culture can also be poor where incidents are hidden or swept under the carpet and no action can be taken to decrease the possibility of it from happening again. Tools have been developed to assess the safety culture in many different organizations, usually those that have a high risk. Rules and regulations are typically implemented following incidents resulting in fatalities. Nuclear, medical and aviation are some of the main industries that have begun assessing safety culture within their organizations and implementing SMS systems to help distinguish situations that could have potentially caused an incident. Over the years safety has been taken more and more seriously and the safety culture throughout many organizations in general has been greatly improved upon. This has been mainly due to mishaps and incidents in the past that have led to fatalities. Following these incidents have been regulations and measures to ensure that the same thing is less likely to occur or possibly even impossible to occur again. Since so many regulations are now in place incidents are few and far between, which is a goodShow MoreRelatedCultural Safety in Clinical Practice1658 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective of cultural safety, culture is broadly defined to include ethnicity, customs, tradition, beliefs and values as well as socioeconomic status, age, gender, sexual orientation, religious and spiritual beliefs, ethnic/immigration status, values and disabilities (NCNZ, 2011). Culture is about ways of doing things and it can be learned and changed (Jarvis, 2012). Ethnicity on the other hand a is a form of ide ntification or belonging to a social group bonded by common history and cultural traditionRead MoreSafety-Culture Background and Concept: The Chernobyl Disaster1422 Words   |  6 Pagesassume that the written safety plans have the potential to be very effective, but companies ought to go ahead of the safety plan and build a suitable â€Å"safety culture†. The construction industry offers a thrilling and dynamic atmosphere. The flow of exclusive projects, the on-site operational environment, and the inventiveness and innovation required to solve one-off troubles require a creative approach to work which is seldom found elsewhere. The problem of safety culture - What is it and how doRead MoreExplain The Term Safety Culture 1481 Words   |  6 Pages4. Explain the term ‘ Safety Culture’ Safety culture has been described as the product of the values, attitude and behaviors of employees and employers in connection with workplace Safety. Since Human Resource Management and its related practices and policies attempt to influence and capture employee attitudes and values, ‘Safety Culture’ fits well with the orientation of this text. As such, ‘ Safety culture’ is an expression and product of management’s and employees attitude and values notwithstandingRead MoreSuperstition Is The Belief Of Supernatural Items And Occurrences904 Words   |  4 PagesSuperstition – it is the belief in supernatural items and occurrences; one event causes another to happen without any real logical reason or linkage between the events. Examples being: astrology, religion, luck, voodoo, ancient roman activities and prophecies. The major artifact science fights are superstitions due to science being logical as well as able to show linage between two event s – superstitious activities cannot. They are used in everyday life by everyday people, whether it’s subconsciousRead MoreEvaluating Safety Culture And Sms Implementation1399 Words   |  6 PagesAssessing Safety Culture SMS Implementation Safety culture is defined as consisting â€Å"of shared beliefs, practices and attitudes, that exist at an establishment. Culture is the atmosphere created by those beliefs, attitudes, etc.† (Middlesworth, M., February 19). In recent years, safety culture has become an aspect which most, if not all, companies and organizations require in order to succeed. What is difficult is how to measure or assess the safety culture currently present in that organizationRead MoreOrganizational Development For Cultural Safety1660 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment for cultural safety: A CASE STUDY Culture means the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society. The learned yet dynamic ways of being in everyday life, informed by attributes such as age, class, ability, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation, which influence beliefs, values and attitudes and how humans explain and respond to life’s context and circumstances (Cox, 2013, p1-25). Since people from different communities adhere to different cultures so interaction ofRead MoreAviation Safety And How Effective Crew Resource Management Training1513 Words   |  7 Pagescritical for companies to implement safety defences within their practices. Prioritising an effective safety culture within aviation depends on a combination of professional, national, organisational and just cultures (Hamilton, 2016). This essay gains insight into the potential positive and negative effects of these cultures in aviation safety and how effective Crew Resource Management training is, how it has systems have evolved and been implemented to optimise safety. The goal of this approach to cross-culturalRead MoreTaming The Curiousity1197 Words   |  5 PagesThere is something most if not all boys have in common, being either a child or even an adult: an unexplainable fascination with guns. Some would argue that this fascination, along with access to real or toy guns, is in combination with lethal consequences. This belief is based on the unproven notion that children tend to mature with less of an appreciation for the lives of others. On the other hand, there are those who do not view the combination as an issue. These people do understand that thereRead MoreThe Treaty Of Waitangi And The Rights Of The Maori People Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesof Waitangi with regards to the treaty text and the principles behind it and the relevance to the health and wellbeing of the Maori people in New Zealand. The Cultural Safety and other principles that are considered in the healthcare practice wil l also be tackled. While most of the discussion is focused on the treaty, cultural safety and Maori health various concerns are also considered to provide a suitable foundation on the topic. The treaty of Waitangi is the founding document of New Zealand. ItRead MoreNon Endangered Species Of Whales As A Cultural Exemption1055 Words   |  5 Pagesdependent upon this enterprise and for whom their cultures would drastically suffer economically, an exception should be made for a specified number of non-endangered whales per year and efforts should be made to identify ways to significantly reduce or even eliminate the practice. My belief that economically-driven exceptions should be made, however, is in no way based on a belief that cultural history should be considered a valid exemption. The common argument is that they are not hunting endangered

Climate Change - 737 Words

California Attempts to Defy Trump’s Policies on Climate Change Davenport, C., Nagourney, A. (2017). Fighting Trump on Climate, California Becomes a Global Force. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/us/california-engages-world-and-fights-washington-on-climate-change.html?_r=0 In this article, Daventport and Nagourney illustrate how California, the state with the most strict policies and laws on environment, is attempting to defy the federal government’s relaxed policies by partnering with international bodies and countries. In an effort to retain its status as an environmental conservationist state, California Governor Jerry Brown, who advocates for environmental conservation and protection, has gone beyond†¦show more content†¦The concept of dual federalism applies in this case as the state of California is fighting for its right to make and sustain its individual laws and regulations. Dual federalism views the federal system as a layered stack of cake, where each layer of the government performs that are most relevant at that level(Feeley Rubin, 2008). This theory was reflected much during the foundation of the US in the process of writing the Constitution (FeeleyRubin, 2008). It advocates for limited and distinct powers of the federal g overnment and specific tasks and roles left to the states governments. As such, it leaves each government supreme within its own limits and operations. The states have the rights to make its own laws and forge its future free of the interference of the national government as outlined in the Tenth Amendment(Feeley Rubin, 2008).In this case, California seems to be pulling in this way as it seeks to make and sustain its own policies and sign agreements with international bodies as well as countries free from the federal government interference(Feeley Rubin, 2008). In fact, California’s efforts seems to be violating the norms and traditions, but it should be noted that the state has the rights to do this under the constitution. The article provides a detailed information on the current conflicts between the state of California and the federal government in policy making, especially in regards toShow MoreRelatedClimate Changes And Climate Change Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Climate is inherently variable. Climate changes from place to place and it varies with time. The world now faces one of the complex and important issue it has ever had to deal with: climate change. Climate change today is one of the biggest concerns of human beings on the planet and the effects of climate change are undeniable and it may cause environmental, social, and economic threats to the planet. We already know and easily can highlight several signs of climate change. They are: risingRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1016 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Climate change is a reality that is happening now, and that we can see its impact across the world† (Haddrill, 2014) Climate change is the changes in the pattern of the climate due to natural and human activities that has been used inappropriately. Climate is defined as the â€Å"average weather† (Calow, 1998) for a particular region. Climate change is the human activities that affect Earth’s climate by using the human activities inappropriately that leads to the warming of the Earth. There are varietyRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of climate change has been around for quite a while. The earliest mention of climate change dates back to the 19th century. Swedish scientist, Svante Archenius was the first scientist to study the effect of CO2 on climate. (Rodhe et al 1997) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as â€Å"A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g by using statistical tests) by changes in mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persistsRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change935 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change is one of the most important challenges of humankind in this century. The ability to adapt, mitigate and reduce carbon emissions will be decisive to preserve the world for future generations. The last IPCC report has provided more evidence regarding the rise in temperature and sea level. Apparently, additional 2 °C above the pre-industrial average temperature levels is unavoidable, and it will continue at that level due the accumulation of gases in the atmosphere (Solomon 2009). ClimateRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1817 Words   |  8 Pageshear the words â€Å"climate change† what comes to mind? Probably weather and the change s. Many of us watch the news or use an app on our cellphones/electronic devices to keep an eye on the weather for the day, week, or even the month. But, there is actually a difference between weather and climate. Weather is actually â€Å"the changes we see and feel outside from day to day. It might rain one day and be sunny the next. Weather also changes from place to place† (Dunbar, 2014). Whereas â€Å"climate is the usual weatherRead MoreClimate Change Is The Change923 Words   |  4 PagesClimate change is the change in earth’s climate like temperature and precipitation over a particular region. Climate change has shown its affect all across the globe and is leading to all undesirable loses. Some of the reasons of radical climate changes are: †¢ Irresponsible activities of humans like misuse of fossil fuels, polluting water bodies and use of non-renewable sources †¢ Burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil are rising the levels of carbon dioxide in the air. Climate change is not onlyRead MoreClimate Change Is A Change1482 Words   |  6 Pages Climate change is a change in global or regional climate patterns. Climate change is a topic that is brought up in many different genres of conversations. Whether it be brought up and discussed in politics, school, family, or friends, some people still limit using those words when in casual conversation. Some of those same people are the people who still deny that climate change is happening. Climate change affects every single one of us. It affects everyone who lives on this earth every day andRead MoreThe Change Of The Climate Change1184 Words   |  5 Pages The world continues to spin and spin, and we’ve always heard about the condition of the climate. We hear about the changing levels of CO2 in our atmosphere and the Earth’s population contribution to the rise of it. No one usually stops to think about how the food production systems for the food we eat is also a contributing factor to the rise of CO2. â€Å"I turn my life upside-down, start biking to work, plan t a big garden, turn down the thermostat so low I need the Jimmy Carter signature cardiganRead MoreClimate Change3273 Words   |  14 Pages1. Introduction Scientific evidence of the world’s changing climate is unequivocal. The expected impacts of the changing climate are likely to adversely affect the well being of all countries and particularly the poorest countries, some of which are in Africa. The changing climate has been manifested in the form of: increased severity and frequency of droughts; floods and storms; water stress, coastal erosion, and higher incidence of vector borne diseases among others. The resulting declines inRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages Climate change is defined by the Intergovernmental panel on climate change ( IPCC) as a variation in the mean state of climate persisting for an extended period of time typically decades or longer while the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) defines climate change as a change in the climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alters the composition of the global atmos phere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed

Types of Essays Free Essays

string(105) " to cultivation and urbanization, and many have been orphaned by poachers cashing in on the ivory trade\." BIK 3033 : WRITING SKILLS TITLE Assignment 1 : Write a review for FOUR different types of essays. GROUP : UPSI 02(A112PJJ) PREPARED BY : NAME| ID NUMBER| TEL. NUMBER| ANBUSELVAN A/L NARAIYANAN| D20112054977| 017-3109372| E-LEARNING TUTOR : PN. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Essays or any similar topic only for you Order Now RAJA NOR SAFINAS BINTI RAJA HARUN DATE OF SUBMISSION : 12th APRIL 2013 Narrative essay Introduction ‘The Climb’ is a sample of narrative essay written by Amy. She conveyed her fear of height effectively. This essay is obtained from a website. Organization of the essay Paragraph| A new paragraph is formed when something changes in the story. Thesis statement| Amy decided to ascend a path to an area above a 100-ft. Waterfall even when she is terrified of heights. | Topic sentences| 1) Amy and her friends were on a day trip to the Boqueron, a gorgeous, lush spot in the foothills of Peru. 2) After eating their sack lunches within sight and sound of the fall, many of them wanted to make the climb to an area above it. 3) The climb ascended steeply above them. 4) All that Amy could think about was how far it would be to fall. 5) Questioning her own sanity, Amy decided at least to attempt the climb. ) She was soon past the first challenge safely, but not feeling much better abo ut the rest of the climb. 7) The difficulties only increased from that point on, with scary spot after scary spot. 8) With friends supporting her by words and actions, she slowly gained ground. 9) The slight handholds were few and far between. 10) Since getting up this next part was next to impossible, and waiting for a rescue helicopter was not an option, with fear and trembling Amy decided to go down, but not alone. 11) . A slip would mean an extremely long drop. 2) With no further mishaps, Amy and her friends came eventually to the last troublesome spot, the stretch between two boulders that had given Amy problems on the way up. 13) There were two possible descents from here. 14) She knew she has to take Seth’s route. 15) Seth held Amy’s feet tightly and slowly lowered her, guiding her feel to a firm place as she let her body slide over the leaves, twigs, and rock. 16) She had never felt so alive, and so thankful for that life. | Supporting details| 1) Its prime att raction is the main waterfall, about 100 feet high, that thunders into a crystal clear pool feeding the Aguaytia River. All around the pool and on down to the rushing river are boulders large and small. The beach is strewn with rocks. On both sides of the fall, the jungle stretches to meet it, rising parallel to it on a gentler slope. 2) A few friends went first to make sure they were on the right path. But after they left, Amy’s group of seven decided to go ahead without waiting for them to return. They went along the base of the hill until they reached the climb. 3) Along the right edge the jungle hugged the rocks; passage through its trees did not look feasible. Peering back down toward the river, Amy saw a steep slope of rocks all the way to the water. 4) Amy voiced her uncertainties to her friends. They dismissed her fears and encouraged her to stick it out. 5) She was speechless when watched her friend Tom suddenly, slipped and slid backward about 10 feet. 6) Consoling that her friend Seth would be right behind, she shakily began the ascent. The â€Å"path† led up a narrow area between boulders. In it, they reached a place where there just were no good handholds. Seth braced my foot, and those above sent down words of encouragement. ) Her heart raced faster when she thinks about the long drop to the boulders below. 8) Her friends were supporting her all the time. She trusted them more than herself. 9) She thinks that she couldn’t handle such a stretch. So, she must decide to go back down. 10) Amy and her friend, Melody who decided to go with her prayed for their safety and started descending. 11) Amy was uncertain of sliding to the bottom like Melody. But, with Melody’s encouragement, Amy succeeded too. 12) The rest the friends joined Amy and Melody. 13) One was a short jump. While the other route was where Seth injured himself when descending. 4) She was terrified. But, Seth gave her words of encouragement. So, Amy completely trusts Seth. 15) She was so relieved that at last she managed to reach the bottom. 16) Amy yelled happily. | Strengths of the essay In this essay the writer explained about her phobia on height. The writer well express her feelings. The story line was written attractively. The readers can feel the situation which gone through by the writer. The writer use simple language in this essay which is very easy to understand. Weaknesses of the essay Not enough drama to explain the real situation. The writer should concentrate more on the explanation in real situation. Besides that the way of expression was not well done by the writer. Cause and effect essay Introduction ‘Save the elephant’ is a cause and effect essay. It is written by Michelle. The writer opens a brief explanation of a case in which a herd of elephants is spared from death. But then goes on to explain how that is not typical. This essay is obtained from a website. Organization of the essay Paragraph| There are fourteen paragraphs that deliver the causes and effects of elephant extinction. The major and minor points are equally emphasized in the paragraphs. | Thesis statement| Threat on elephants has serious effects. | Topic sentences| Paragraph one : 1) Orphaned young elephants are aggressive. Paragraph two : 1) Full-grown bull elephants were brought to the park. Paragraph three : 1) The elephant population in Africa has been drastically reduced by loss of habitat to cultivation and urbanization, and many have been orphaned by poachers cashing in on the ivory trade. You read "Types of Essays" in category "Essay examples" Paragraph four : 1) Elephants are amazing creatures. Paragraph five : 1) Elephants have an enormous effect on the other animals and plants in their habitat. Paragraph six : 1) With only 2 elephant species left out of 600, the danger of extinction is imminent. Paragraph seven : 1) Humans have always taken advantage of the incredible strength and endurance of elephants. Paragraph eight : 1) Poaching is the chief reason that elephants are brought closer to extinction every day. Paragraph nine : 1) The poaching trade began in earnest in 1971, when a severe drought killed 9,000 elephants in a Kenyan game reserve. Paragraph ten : 1) Raw ivory is shipped by smugglers to factories where it is either carved into sculptures or converted into Chinese medicines. Paragraph eleven : 1) Many attempts have been made to stamp out poaching in African game reserves, but law enforcement has proved extremely difficult. Paragraph twelve : 1) Officials in Zimbabwe and Botswana have tried to remedy this problem in an interesting fashion. Paragraph thirteen : 1) Another approach taken to prevent peasants from turning to poaching was to use money generated by park tourism to build clinics and provide educational programs for surrounding communities. Paragraph fourteen : 1) In recent years, the number of elephant killings due to poaching has decreased, largely due to the worldwide ban (since 1990) on the trade of ivory. | Supporting details| Paragraph one : 1) The elephants went on a killing spree, slaying almost 40 rhinoceros—including incredibly rare black rhinos. The park officials did not want to kill the young elephants, but they could not afford to have any more rhinos slaughtered. Paragraph two : 1) A previously impossible hierarchy had been established, and the orphaned males fell right into place. As of yet, no rhino killings have been reported. Paragraph three : 1) Some biologists believe that if elephant numbers continue to drop, it will soon be impossible to save the species. Paragraph four : 1) As well as holding the title of â€Å"largest land animal,† they are also among the most intelligent. An elephant has 150,000 muscle units in its trunk, can swim long distances without tiring, walks almost silently despite weighing about 7 tons, can travel up to 6,000 miles in a year while searching for food, and can live 60 years. Full-grown elephants have no natural enemies, other than humans. Paragraph five : 1) Eating 165-330 pounds of food a day, an elephant can clear thick brush into open savannah in no time, creating an open habitat for other animals. Several tree species rely almost solely on the elephant to scatter their seeds. If the elephant were to disappear, these life-forms would bear the consequences. Paragraph six : 1) If the population in any particular area drops below 100 individuals (as it has in several parks), that population is virtually doomed, having entered an â€Å"extinction vortex. † Continued inbreeding leads to genetic deterioration, which results in fewer reproductive males and females being born. The numbers begin to drop, and the cycle continues until the population completely dies out. Evidence of this genetic deterioration can be seen in elephant tusks, which are gradually becoming smaller. All elephants with exceptionally large tusks have already been poached. Paragraph seven : 1) Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, used elephants to carry his supplies across the Alps in the third century. Elephants have been ridden onto the battlefield, have been trained to carry heavy logs, and were even used during World War II to drag military equipment up steep slopes. We have used elephants to our advantage for more than 2,000 years. Paragraph eight : 1) From 1986 to 1989, 300,000 African elephants were killed for their ivory tusks. In 1986 alone, 75 percent of raw ivory came from illegal poaching—the equivalent of 89,000 elephants. Recently, laws have been instituted that completely ban any hunting of the endangered elephants. However, this has only made poaching easier; without professional hunters carefully patrolling their favourite hunting blocks, park rangers alone are left to deal with poachers. Carrying outdated World War II rifles, the rangers are no match for ruthless poachers with AK-17’s, who have been known to kill rangers, local farmers, and even tourists to avoid capture. Paragraph nine : 1) Neighbours of the park moved in to collect ivory. They found it was very profitable, and when the supply dwindled and they could no longer simply pick it up from the ground, they turned to the living elephants. In 1973 there were 167,000 elephants in Kenya. By 1987, there were only 20,000 left. Paragraph ten : 1) Before President Bush’s 1989 ban, the United States was one of the largest importers of worked ivory in the world. Major consumers of ivory today include China, Hong Kong, India, Taiwan, and Japan. The demand for ivory in these countries—as well as the price paid to poachers—has increased over the years, in some places by 1000 percent. Weapons are also more available due to the civil wars and political unrest in certain African countries. These factors have contributed to increase poaching and will ultimately contribute to the demise of elephants. Paragraph eleven : 1) Lack of funding for conservation projects and for staff to patrol the parks is a major obstacle in the quest to protect threatened species. ) Many poachers come from poor communities adjacent to major parks. The people in these communities have to put up with harassment from wild animals, and they rarely get anything in return. Consequently, they do not object to making some money at the expense of an elephant or two. The scenario is common in the poor countries of Africa, such as Kenya, where 30 million hungry people are crowded into an area the size of Texas. Paragraph twelve : 1) They granted ownership of all the wild animals in a certain area to the nearest village or community. Contrary to public expectations, this method was relatively successful. The communities managed resources carefully, monitored their animals well, and even earned money from safari expeditions. Unfortunately, community ownership of animals seemed to work only in areas with large areas of land and few people. Paragraph thirteen : 1) However, because some parks do not attract as many tourists as others do, and also because of the sheer number of poor villages, the benefits were spread too thinly. Paragraph fourteen : 1) However, the illegal trade continues, and as long as it does, poachers will be a part of it. The poaching problem is incredibly intricate. Fuelled by the illicit trade to Southeast Asia and the rest of the world, it is also the result of a lack of education and public services in African villages. | Strengths of the essay In this essay the writer explained about elephants which are headed toward extinction. The writer also clearly establishes the main causes of this situation as well as their sad effects. The writer took a lot of efforts to compile the details of the elephants. The explanation is about the current situation of the elephants. The explanation about the current situation of the elephants was explained with a lot of facts. When read this essay the reader can feel the real unseen situation of the largest animal on the earth. Weaknesses of the essay In some places of this essay the writer repeat the facts. The writer also uses difficult words which is annoying. The writer should concentrate on language which is easy to understand. Besides that this essay is too long. Half way of reading it the reader will feel boring. Compare and contrast essay Introduction ‘Elementary school and middle school: The differences and similarities’ is a compare and contrast essay. This essay is obtained from a website (Time for Kids). Organization of the essay Paragraph| The essay has two developmental paragraphs. First paragraph is about what an elementary school and middle school have in common. While the second, explains the differences. | Thesis statement| There are few similarities and differences between elementary schools and middle schools. | Topic sentences| Paragraph one : * Elementary schools and middle schools have many traits in common. Paragraph two : * There are some big changes that new middle school students should be aware of. Supporting details| Paragraph one : 1) Typically, both are open five days a week for a set number of hours each day. Students sit at desks in classrooms and are expected to listen to and learn from their teachers. There is a set time for lunch. Each day, students are given homework assignments. Students take quizzes and tests. Paragraph two : 1) In elementary school, students usually stay in the same classroom with one teacher for most of the day. That is not the case in middle school, where students typically have a different teacher for each subject. Students must move to a different classroom for each subject too. Since there is not one classroom in which to store supplies, middle schools often provide students with lockers. | Strengths of the essay The writer uses simple language. It makes this essay easier to understand. The writer concentrated on the comparative points and delivered them well. Weaknesses of the essay The writer should give more differences between Elementary school and Middle school. The writer should concentrate more on the situation in this two difference schools. The essay didn’t provide information on the subjects enrolled in both schools Classifying essay Introduction ‘Types of computers’ is a classifying essay. It is written by Oya Ozagac on May 1994. The writer uses simple language to deliver her message. This essay is obtained from a website. Organization of the essay Paragraph| There are five developmental paragraphs; each defines each type of computers. Similarities and differences of the computers are flashed. | Thesis statement| There are five types of computers according to their functions and capabilities. | Topic sentences| Paragraph one : * The most familiar type of microprocessor is the personal computer (PC). Paragraph two : * Another purpose for using a microprocessor is as a workstation. Paragraph three : * A computer can also be used as a server. Paragraph four : * A fourth type, a main frame is the heart of a network of computers or terminals which allows hundreds of people to work at the same time on the same data. Paragraph five : * Sometimes, computers can be used for specialized fields as well. | Supporting details| Paragraph one : * PC is designed for general use by a single person. Two types of PC available are the desktop and the laptop. The desktop is set up in a permanent location while the laptop is portable. Paragraph two : * The computers used for this purpose have a more powerful processor, additional memory and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game development. Paragraph three : * The server provides services to other computers over a network. Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives. Servers also have the capacity to store data related to the company. If there is an Internet connection, a server is also enables the company workers to observe who is visiting their pages from which server. This helps developing the business. Paragraph four : * It is indispensable for the business world. These machines are huge both in size and in capacity. Generally they are kept in a separate room where nobody can reach since their breakdown can cause a fortune to the company. Paragraph five : * The supercomputer is the top of the heap in power and expense. It is used for jobs that take massive amounts of calculating, like weather forecasting, engineering design and testing, serious decryption, and economic forecasting. | Strengths of the essay This essay consists of the type of computers and its usage. The writer explained very well about computers. Besides that the writer wrote the history of the computer which is most of us doesn’t know. This essay consists of maximum details of the computer. The reader will get a lot of knowledge by reading this essay. Weaknesses of the essay Although the writer use simple words to make this essay interesting but the writer should pay more attention on examples. The writer should give more examples for her explanation. Besides, the essay lack of description about computers. APPENDIXES 1) Narrative essay Amy, the author of this personal narrative, effectively uses voice to convey the fear she feels as she ascends a path to an area above a 100-ft. waterfall. Her expert choice of words helps to paint a beautiful picture of her surroundings. The Climb I have this fear. It causes my legs to shake. I break out in a cold sweat. I start jabbering to anyone who is nearby. As thoughts of certain death run through my mind, the world appears a precious, treasured place. I imagine my own funeral, then shrink back at the implications of where my thoughts are taking me. My stomach feels strange. My palms are clammy. I am terrified of heights. Of course, it’s not really a fear of being in a high place. Rather, it is the view of a long way to fall, of rocks far below me and no firm wall between me and the edge. My sense of security is screamingly absent. There are no guardrails, flimsy though I picture them, or other safety devices. I can rely only on my own surefootedness—or lack thereof. Despite my fear, two summers ago I somehow found myself climbing to a high place, while quaking inside and out. Most of our high school had come along on a day trip to the Boqueron, a gorgeous, lush spot in the foothills of Peru. Its prime attraction is the main waterfall, about 100 feet high, that thunders into a crystal clear pool feeding the Aguaytia River. All around the pool and on down to the rushing river are boulders large and small. The beach is strewn with rocks. On both sides of the fall, the jungle stretches to meet it, rising parallel to it on a gentler slope. After eating our sack lunches within sight and sound of the fall, many of us wanted to make the climb to an area above it. We knew others had done so on previous trips. A few guys went first to make sure they were on the right path. But after they left, my group of seven decided to go ahead without waiting for them to return. I suspected we were going the wrong way, but I kept silent, figuring that the others knew better. We went along the base of the hill until we reached the climb. It stopped me in my tracks. The climb ascended steeply above us. Along the right edge the jungle hugged the rocks; passage through its trees did not look feasible. The majority of my view was filled with rocks. Looming high to the sky, the boulders rose in a tiered manner. Peering back down toward the river, I saw a steep slope of rocks all the way to the water. All I could think about was how far it would be to fall. My tense thoughts were interrupted by the realization that my friends were already beginning to climb! My anxiety increased as I watched them. Do I turn back? My whole being shouted, â€Å"Yes! †Ã‚  Will I regret it later? I really want to get to the top, but†¦ I voiced my uncertainties to my friends. They dismissed my fears and encouraged me to stick it out. Questioning my own sanity, I decided at least to attempt the climb. I chose a path that seemed easiest. My friend Tom was ahead of me. Then, suddenly, he slipped and slid backward about 10 feet! I watched, paralyzed, until he stopped himself and assured us he was all right. My heart was hammering. Now those who had tried the other way came back; it had not worked. Consoling myself that my friend Seth would be right behind me, I shakily began the ascent. The â€Å"path† led up a narrow area between boulders. In it, we reached a place where there just were no good handholds. Seth braced my foot, and those above sent down words of encouragement. I was soon past the first challenge safely, but not feeling much better about the rest of the climb. The difficulties only increased from that point on, with scary spot after scary spot. Though I knew I should not look down, I could not always ignore the long drop to the boulders below. My breathing sped up, but my heart pounded even faster, growing loud in my ears. My friends kept right on climbing. But they did not forget me. Someone was always behind me to help hold my feet steady when necessary, and someone else was always ahead to offer a hand up. I trusted them more than myself; I knew my feet could easily slip. With friends supporting me by words and actions, I slowly gained ground. Finally we came to the worst section yet. To me the slope looked very close to vertical. The slight handholds were few and far between. Being short, I knew the stretches would be difficult enough in normal conditions. In my current panic, it would be much worse. The alternative was to go back down. Which was more difficult? I didn’t want to go either way, but obviously I had to go somewhere. The trouble was, we were not getting any nearer to the falls. By now, we realized that this route was not the way most frequented! But knowing this did not get me any closer to safety. Since getting up this next part was next to impossible, and waiting for a rescue helicopter was not an option, with fear and trembling I decided to go down, but not by myself. Melody agreed to go with me, earning my eternal gratitude. She paused to pray for safety; I did not trust my voice enough to pray aloud. Now, with our backs to the rocks, the drop was continually in our line of vision. It seemed even steeper than before. The song â€Å"Angels Watching Over Me† ran through my head as we began, Melody going first. I kept up a steady stream of chatter, my trembling voice betraying my fear. One of the first tough places we came to gave us trouble. Cautiously stretching one foot down, Melody could not reach the bottom of the boulder. A slip would mean an extremely long drop. So we tried a different route where a fall would be shorter. It was somewhat wet and would entail a short slide to reach the bottom. Melody made it safely. I hesitated, unsure of my footing, and picturing myself at the bottom of the cliff, bones broken and pain wracking my body, if I still lived. â€Å"You can do it! I’m right here,† Melody called. She waited patiently, not pressuring me to hurry. Inching carefully to the edge, I could see in the corner of my eye the boulders and river far below. As I started down the rock, my foot slipped! My heart jumped into my throat as the terror I had held just under the surface swept over me. I’m gonna fall! I inwardly shrieked. It had been only a small slip, however; I was not in midair! I took a few calming breaths, and my heart repositioned itself where it belonged. With no further mishaps, we came eventually to the last troublesome spot, the stretch between two boulders that had given me problems on the way up. Thankfully, the rest of our friends had given up climbing to the top and had now caught up to us. There were two possible descents from here. One way included a short jump down. I decided to check out the other way. Seth was working his way down this second route when he fell a few feet and bruised himself! I again looked over the first option. Do I want to jump? There’s a big drop if I jump wrong or don’t stop on the ledge! But the other way†¦! I knew if I was to get down, it would have to be Seth’s way. He was willing to help me however he could. I inspected the â€Å"path† he had taken. There was some low vegetation, matted down and sloping slightly toward the edge. Then came a drop down to a narrow inlet between rocks. That was not so bad. The hitch lay in the fact that there was no handholds or footholds, and my short legs would not reach to the rocks. â€Å"Uh, I don’t know about this. I don’t like the looks of it! † I said, my voice quavering. â€Å"You can make it, Amy! I’m right here. I won’t let you fall,† Seth promised. Slowly, painstakingly, I backed over the vegetation. â€Å"I’m coming down,† I warned, my voice unsteady. I’m ready,† answered Seth. â€Å"I got you. † His assurances gave me the strength to go on. I trusted him implicitly. Flattening myself onto my belly, I edged my feet into midair. Seth held them tightly and slowly lowered me, guiding my feel to a firm place as I let my body slide over the leaves, twigs, and rock. Wh en my feet made contact with the solid rock, I heaved a huge sigh of relief. I could feel the fear draining out of me. My arms and legs were scratched up; I was dirty and sweaty. But none of it mattered. I was at the bottom! â€Å"Yaaaaaaahhhh! † I yelled. I never felt so alive, and so thankful for that life. 2) Cause and effect essay This cause/effect essay opens with a brief explanation of a case in which a herd of elephants is spared from death, but then goes on to explain how that is not typical—that, in fact, elephants are headed toward extinction. Michelle, the author, clearly establishes the main causes of this situation, as well as their sad effects. Save the Elephants What should be done with a herd of marauding elephants? This was the problem recently confronting officials at Pilanesberg National Park in South Africa. A number of orphaned male elephants had been transported to the park in order to provide them with a safe and nurturing environment. However, this step to protect the elephant population soon threatened another endangered species. The young elephants had entered musth, like puberty, a state of heightened hormonal activity and increased aggression. The elephants went on a killing spree, slaying almost 40 rhinoceros—including incredibly rare black rhinos. The park officials did not want to kill the young elephants, but they could not afford to have any more rhinos slaughtered. Oddly enough, the solution to this disastrous situation was to bring more male elephants into the park. This time, however, they were full-grown bull elephants. In almost no time at all, a previously impossible hierarchy had been established, and the orphaned males fell right into place. As of yet, no rhino killings have been reported. The Pilanesberg story has a positive ending, but many elephants are not as lucky. The elephant population in Africa has been drastically reduced by loss of habitat to cultivation and urbanization, and many have been orphaned by poachers cashing in on the ivory trade. Some biologists believe that if elephant numbers continue to drop, it will soon be impossible to save the species. Elephants are amazing creatures. As well as holding the title of â€Å"largest land animal,† they are also among the most intelligent. An elephant has 150,000 muscle units in its trunk, can swim long distances without tiring, walks almost silently despite weighing about 7 tons, can travel up to 6,000 miles in a year while searching for food, and can live 60 years. Full-grown elephants have no natural enemies, other than humans. Like most animals, elephants have an enormous effect on the other animals in their habitat. Eating 165-330 pounds of food a day, an elephant can clear thick brush into open savannah in no time, creating an open habitat for other animals. Several tree species rely almost solely on the elephant to scatter their seeds. If the elephant were to disappear, these life-forms would bear the consequences. With only 2 elephant species left out of 600, the danger of extinction is imminent. If the population in any particular area drops below 100 individuals (as it has in several parks), that population is virtually doomed, having entered an â€Å"extinction vortex. Continued inbreeding leads to genetic deterioration, which results in fewer reproductive males and females being born. The numbers begin to drop, and the cycle continues until the population completely dies out. Evidence of this genetic deterioration can be seen in elephant tusks, which are gradually becoming smaller. All elephants with exceptionally large tusks have already been poached. Humans have always taken advantage of the incredible strength and endurance of elephants. Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, used elephants to carry his supplies across the Alps in the third century. Elephants have been ridden onto the battlefield, have been trained to carry heavy logs, and were even used during World War II to drag military equipment up steep slopes. We have used elephants to our advantage for more than 2,000 years. Now we are destroying them. Poaching is the chief reason that elephants are brought closer to extinction every day. From 1986 to 1989, 300,000 African elephants were killed for their ivory tusks. In 1986 alone, 75 percent of raw ivory came from illegal poaching—the equivalent of 89,000 elephants. Recently, laws have been instituted that completely ban any hunting of the endangered elephants. However, this has only made poaching easier; without professional hunters carefully patrolling their favorite hunting blocks, park rangers alone are left to deal with poachers. Carrying outdated World War II rifles, the rangers are no match for ruthless poachers with AK-17’s, who have been known to kill rangers, local farmers, and even tourists to avoid capture. The poaching trade began in earnest in 1971, when a severe drought killed 9,000 elephants in a Kenyan game reserve. Neighbors of the park moved in to collect ivory. They found it was very profitable, and when the supply dwindled and they could no longer simply pick it up from the ground, they turned to the living elephants. In 1973 there were 167,000 elephants in Kenya. By 1987, there were only 20,000 left. Raw ivory is shipped by smugglers to factories where it is either carved into sculptures or converted into Chinese medicines (which may actually have very little medicinal value). Before President Bush’s 1989 ban, the United States was one of the largest importers of worked ivory in the world. Major consumers of ivory today include China, Hong Kong, India, Taiwan, and Japan. The demand for ivory in these countries—as well as the price paid to poachers—has increased over the years, in some places by 1000 percent. Weapons are also more available due to the civil wars and political unrest in certain African countries. These factors have contributed to increased poaching and will ultimately contribute to the demise of elephants. Many attempts have been made to stamp out poaching in African game reserves, but law enforcement has proved extremely difficult. Lack of funding for conservation projects and for staff to patrol the parks is a major obstacle in the quest to protect threatened species. In addition, many poachers are not the professionals seen on TV, with trucks full of supplies, traps, and technologically advanced weapons. Instead, they come from poor communities adjacent to major parks. The people in these communities have to put up with harassment from wild animals, and they rarely get anything in return. Consequently, they do not object to making some money at the expense of an elephant or two. The scenario is common in the poor countries of Africa, such as Kenya, where 30 million hungry people are crowded into an area the size of Texas. Officials in Zimbabwe and Botswana have tried to remedy this problem in an interesting fashion. They granted ownership of all the wild animals in a certain area to the nearest village or community. Contrary to public expectations, this method was relatively successful. The communities managed resources carefully, monitored their animals well, and even earned money from safari expeditions. As it turns out, a trophy hunter spends 100 times more to shoot a single animal than an average tourist spends to just look. Unfortunately, community ownership of animals seemed to work only in areas with large areas of land and few people. Another approach taken to prevent peasants from turning to poaching was to use money generated by park tourism to build clinics and provide educational programs for surrounding communities. However, because some parks do not attract as many tourists as others do, and also because of the sheer number of poor villages, the benefits were spread too thinly. In recent years, the number of elephant killings due to poaching has decreased, largely due to the worldwide ban (since 1990) on the trade of ivory. However, the illegal trade continues, and as long as it does, poachers will be a part of it. The poaching problem is incredibly intricate. Fueled by the illicit trade to southeast Asia and the rest of the world, it is also the result of a lack of education and public services in African villages. It is evident that a single country cannot successfully combat poaching and the loss of elephant habitat. The world needs to unite like never before if we want to save our remaining elephants. 3) Compare and contrast essay Elementary School and Middle School: The Differences and Similarities What is it like to transition from elementary to middle school? That is a question many kids ask each year. Having experienced both, I can tell you that there are plenty of similarities as well as some very big differences between the two types of schools. Elementary schools and middle schools have many traits in common. Typically, both are open five days a week for a set number of hours each day. Students sit at desks in classrooms and are expected to listen to and learn from their teachers. There is a set time for lunch. Each day, students are given homework assignments. Students take quizzes and tests. In all of these ways, middle school should feel somewhat familiar to new students. However, there are some big changes that new middle school students should be aware of. In elementary school, students usually stay in the same classroom with one teacher for most of the day. That is not the case in middle school, where students typically have a different teacher for each subject. Students must move to a different classroom for each subject too. Since there is not one classroom in which to store supplies, middle schools often provide students with lockers. For many kids, getting a locker is a welcome rite of passage. Making the move from elementary school to middle school may seem scary, but knowing what to expect can really help. Elementary school provides kids with the experiences they need to be ready for middle school. Even though moving on means adjusting to a new environment, some things, including many of the classmates who accompany you, will remain the same. ) Classifying essay Types of Computers There are a lot of terms used to describe computers. Most of these words imply the size, expected use or capability of the computer. While the term â€Å"computer† can apply to virtually any device that has a microprocessor in it, most people think of a computer as a device that receives input from the user through a mouse or keyboard, processes it in some fashion and displays the result on a screen. Computers can be divided into five according to the purpose they are used for and their capabilities. The most familiar type of microprocessor is the personal computer (PC). It designed for general use by a single person. While a Mac is also a PC, most people relate the term with systems that run the Windows operating system. PCs were first known as microcomputers because they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the huge systems in use by most businesses. A PC can come in two types (three if we include the Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) that differ from PCs not by the working policy but in appearance as well. ): Desktop and laptop. The former is not designed for portability. The expectation with desktop systems is that you will set the computer up in a permanent location. Most desktops offer more power, storage and versatility for less cost than their portable brethren. On the other hand, the laptops – also called notebooks – are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book. Another purpose for using a microprocessor is as a workstation. The computers used for this purpose have a more powerful processor, additional memory and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game development. A computer can also be used as a server. For this, it needs to be optimized to provide services to other computers over a network. Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives. Servers also have the capacity to store data related to the company. If there is an Internet connection, a server is also enables the company workers to observe who is visiting their pages from which server. This helps developing the business. A fourth type, a main frame is the heart of a network of computers or terminals which allows hundreds of people to work at the same time on the same data. It is indispensable for the business world. These machines are huge both in size and in capacity. Generally they are kept in a separate room where nobody can reach since their breakdown can cause a fortune to the company. Sometimes, computers can be used for specialized fields as well. The supercomputer is the top of the heap in power and expense. It is used for jobs that take massive amounts of calculating, like weather forecasting, engineering design and testing, serious decryption, and economic forecasting. With the increasing demand in different specialties, new adjustments are being made to microprocessors and new types of computers that serve different purposes emerge. In this ongoing process, it would not possible to put a full stop here. What we suggest is that it is better to keep an eye on the development of science in this field and keep updating our knowledge in order not to be out-of-date like the computers of old times that were as big as a room. ________________________________________________________ Written by Oya Ozagac, May 2004 Copyright @ 2006 Bogazici University SFL How to cite Types of Essays, Essays

Confidentiality and Privacy Controls for Digital Signatures

Question: Discuss about theConfidentiality and Privacy Controls for Digital Signatures. Answer: Introduction This chapter includes the two important aspects: Maintaining confidentiality of organization. Secrecy of personal information. Confidentiality For preserving the confidentiality following actions are to be taken: Information Identification and classification- Information identification is the first step after that classification is done which is the responsibility of owners of information as per COBIT 5 and not security personnels. Encryption- It is the most effective method for protecting information. It is the process of converting the text into cipher text; vice versa case is called as Decryption. Access controls levied on information- Authentication and authorization are initial control access and thus are not sufficient to protect the same and thus additional controls are levied. Information rights management and Data loss prevention tools are used. Employees training- Training is provided to employees for protecting client data and maintaining confidentiality. Privacy Any unauthorized leak of information may lead to infinite loss for which privacy controls are implemented. Encryption is an effective control for ensuring privacy in which information is encrypted both at the time of sending and storing. It saves organization from loss as well as monetary effect due to loss. Privacy Concerns: Spam It is an unsolicited email which contains offensive or advertising content. It not only affects the efficiency but also results into viruses, malware, worms and other spyware programs. Controls such as CAN-SPAM Act (2003) were introduced. Under these law penalties of both civil and criminal is imposed on violation of law. It includes the following provisions- Display of sender identity in the header should be clearly presented. Subject should evidently classify the message as advertisement or solicitation. Main content should contain list of recipients with a working link for Opt-out requests for which organization shall place the responsibility. It is an ethical practice to have valid address. Organizations are advised to design their own websites and not send any commercial email to any email address. Identity Theft It is defined as unauthorized use of someone personal information for perpetrators benefit. It may lead to financial crime by looting the clients bank account or medical theft by manipulating the reports of the client leading to some life threatening diseases or tax identity threat in which the fraudsters file an invalid return of refund. So it is an ethical and moral practice to safeguard the client information and provide safeguard against such threats. Following 10 best practices are adopted by the organization Management - By assigning responsibilities and accountability to a specific group of persons to follow proper policies and procedures for protecting customers information. Notice - A notice is provided to clarify the type of information collected, reason associated and using the same. Choice and consent- Individuals are provided with choice and consent to be taken before using their information. There are two approaches called as opt-in and opt-out. GAAP suggests to use opt in approach. Collection- Only collecting that information which is needful. Cookie is a text file which contains the tasks which user has done on site and it is stored in hard disk. Use and retention- Policies should be formulated to ensure that the use of information as stated in privacy policy and retain only till when it is required for business purpose. Access Access to add delete modify the information. Disclosure to third parties- Disclosure shall be made only when policies of organization allows. Security- Use of preventive, detective and corrective controls. Quality- By ensuring integrity of information this target can be achieved. Monitoring and enforcement- Continuous monitoring is required of the stated policies and enforcement of policies is required. Encryption System and its types Factors influencing are key length, encryption algorithm and various policies for managing cryptographic keys. These are of 2 types: Symmetric and Asymmetric systems. In symmetric there is the use of same key for encrypt and decrypt but in asymmetric there are 2 keys that is public and private key. Loss of keys for both is a threat. Hashing A plain text is converted into a short code which is called as Hash. Difference between hash and encryption is encryption produces cipher text whereas it produces only short code and encrypted data can again be decrypted but code cannot be converted again to plain text. Hashing maintains the integrity of data and is unique for each function. Digital Signatures It is defined as authentication of documents as a replacement of physical signature. It is a two-step process in which first hash is created and then the same is decrypted by private key and this is how digital signature is authenticated. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) VPN may be defined as a technology used to create a safe and encrypted connection over internet. It is a privately owned connection without bearing the costs of leased line. It is only assessable to those who have encryption and decryption keys.

Illegal Immigration Essays (911 words) - , Term Papers

Illegal immigration uses taxpayers money and they don?t pay taxes. So they are getting free medical care and schooling. They are being kept in jail and costs about $27.9 million per day to keep them there. Also they take jobs for less pay which causes the minimum wage to drop. Because of Illegal immigration, wages are lost, illegal immigrants can sue a company or person for lost wages even though they are not citizens.Taxes don?t get collected. Illegal immigrants don?t have to pay taxes on the money they make or the houses or property they rent.They keep 100% of what they make. Hospitals provide ?Free health-care? for which they are never paid.When illegal immigrants go into the hospital the doctors have to take care of them.They mostly are emergencies or for their children. The doctors never get paid for that emergency and have to raise taxes to make that money back. Illegal immigration takes away jobs from American citizens. Illegal and legal immigration. They gained over one million jobs between 2008 and 2010. Over the past two years, as U.S unemployment remained near double-digit levels and the economy shed jobs in the wake of the financial crisis, over a million foreign-born arrivals to America found work, many illegally. The corporations hiring these illegals knows it?s illegal but ignore it because they work for less pay. When American citizens lose their jobs illegal immigrants get them. They can work for lower pay because they don?t have to pay taxes. If they give birth to a child in the U.S the child is legal, therefore can get welfare for the family even if the family is illegal.Tax payer?s money goes toward illegal immigrants because they steal or fake Social Security Numbers As more illegal immigrants enter the country, poverty goes up.Immigrants and their minor children now account for a substantial number of persons living in poverty, with little prospect for economic improvement in the near term.Their presence is rippling through the economy, overwhelming already overcrowded segregated schools, and aggravating low wages--and the wages and unemployment rates. Illegal immigrants in public schools.Schools are going into the red because of illegal immigrant students. It costs schools way too much to have illegal immigrants in public schools. The total K-12 school expenditure for illegal immigrants costs the states nearly $12 billion annually,the children born here to illegal aliens are added, the costs more than double to $28.6 billion.A recent study found that dual language programs represent an additional expense of $290 to $879 per pupil depending on the size of the class.In addition, because these children of illegal aliens come from families that are most often living in poverty, there is also a major expenditure for them on supplemental feeding programs in the schools. Costs to States, more than 15 percent of California?s students are children of illegal aliens, as are more than ten percent of the students in Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Nevada, and Texas. In California, the $7.7 billion spent annually educating the children of illegal immigrants ?nearly 13% of the overall 2004?5 education budget California?s Health Care System Health care costs estimateabout 20-40% of uncompensated (?free?) medical services are provided to people in the US illegally. In both Tucson and Dallas, hospitals are struggling under massive costs of uncompensated medical services for uninsured people who, by federal law, cannot be turned away for lack of insurance or ability to pay. The consequences for taxpaying citizens.Increased cost and reduced access to trauma care. Tucson has lost all but one Level 1 Trauma Center to serve all of southern Arizona, in large part due to massive, unsustainable losses from uncompensated care. Costs are paid by taxpayers. When funds are depleted, low income American citizens have fewer services and longer waits as a result. Uncompensated (free) medical services for illegal immigrants mean higher premiums for all of us, due to cost shifting among all third party payers. To cover the deficits from ?free? medical services they provide, the administration at University Physicians Health System Kino campus is analyzing how much to increase employee health insurance premiums as of July 1. Illegal immigrants in American prisons cost $18.6 million per day. U.S. taxpayers are spending at least $18.6 million per day to house an estimated 300,000 to 450,000 illegal immigrants Approximately 300,000 to 450,000 criminal

buy custom Hearsay Rule essay

buy custom Hearsay Rule essay The purpose of this paper is to discuss about Hearsay Rule embodied under Article VIII, Rule 801 of the Republic Rules of Evidence. I will attempt to discuss the meaning of Hearsay and the dangers of hearsay testimony. Hearsay is defined as a statement taken from out-of-courts in writing or oral to be presented as proof of evidence to assert the truth of the matter as evidence. Hearsay is not admissible in court unless it is supported by circumstantial evidence in the interest of justice upon the discretion of the prosecutor. I will discuss the rule against hearsay and the exclusions from hearsay, regardless of whether the declarant is present or not. Under Article XIII of the Federal Rules of Evidence No. 801, Hearsay is defined as a voluntary statement made by the declarant other than the witness in evidence asserting the truth of a statement made outside the court trial or hearing. Suffice it to say, hearsay as a rule is not admissible in court as a valid statement hence it is considered null and void unless otherwise allowed by the court as an exception to the rule and exemption from that rule thereby allowing hearsay testimony based on the statement made by the complainant. Second, hearsay is considered legal and binding if the second party takes oath in court and testifies as to the credibility of his/her assertion and made it in writing or orally on the course of event and the time it happened (Hinkle et al). An out-of-court declaration may be admissible called declaration against interest if said testimony was an assertive statement. Nevertheless, out-of-court statements should be taken under oath by the second party subject for approval upon the judges discretion (FRE Rule 801). Hearsay is usually done either in writing by the witness or orally during interrogation (Steven, M 2007). Hearsay is therefore a statement asserted by the defendant against the witness to escape from getting convicted. The witness may face confusing situation during cross-examination if he/she is merely fabricating a story. Direct cross-examination of the witness will catch him/her off-guard when conflicting ideas occur. The lawyer of the defendant may try to inject commentaries to the declarants statement to confuse and discredit the witness. This is one of the most difficult situations faced by many practitioners. At the same time, this is also the losing point of the complainant if there are some inconsiste ncies made by the declarant. Direct statement offered to prove a certain incident is very hard to disprove. Say, Witness A was a witness to what Witness B (declarant) had declared. This is very strong evidence presented against the defendant. On the other hand, inconsistencies during cross-examination through hearsays alone could be very dangerous due to the following reasons: 1) Ambiguity, 2) Insincerity, 3) Incorrect Memory and 4) Inaccurate Memory. This indicates that the declarant may not be available for interrogation. Therefore, out-of-court statements may not be reliable enough to win a certain case. There are two rules for the exception. One is when a person utters certain statement during a startling event. Secondly, when a statement was being made by the declarant under stress of excitement near the time when the act took place. This is called excited utterance exception under number 2 of Article VIII of FRE- Rule 803. Below is a sample diagram showing testimonial triangle depicting Os statement will be considered hearsay if the trier or fact-finder travels from point A to B going down to C. testified that the light was broken (A). O (declarant) once testified that the light was broken. During the cross-examination, O (declarant) was no longer certain but it was recorded arlier when O was so agitated in giving the details after the act was committed. At this point in time, the statement made by O was credible enough leading to point B on the belief that the light was indeed broken. Psychologically, a person is telling the truth when he/she is at the height of excitement and blurting what occurred without thinking that he/she will turn out to be the witness. In conclusion, Os statement was reliable that the light was broken (shown as C). Os statement is not hearsay (Steven, E. 2007) Exclusions from Hearsay are those statements made by the declarant testifying to the incident in question subject to cross-examination. A statement is not considered hearsay if the declarants testimony was done under oath or under penalty of perjury during trials and hearings in court or in case of deposition. Further, a statement is not considered hearsay if the declarant identifies the same individual as testified prior to the trial. This proves that the assertion made by the declarant is not considered hearsay. The rule against hearsay has lots of exceptions that may be admissible in court without the presence of the declarant. There are about 24 exceptions under the federal rules (FRE- Rule 803) which do not require proofs of evidence even without the declarant, viz: Present Sense Impression A statement made by the declarant describing a situation which allegedly took place. Excited Utterance A startling statement made by the declarant who was still under stress on certain condition when the event happened. Then-Existing Mental, Emotional, or Physical Condition A statement made by the declarants present state of mind or physical condition when a certain event happened. Statement Made for Medical Diagnosis or Treatment A statement made as to medical history of certain condition on how it occurred and what was its cause. Recorded Recollection A statement made by the witness once but couldnt recall the whole situation in an accurate manner. Second, it could be a statement made by the witness when a certain event was still fresh in his/her memory vividly describing how it occurred. If accepted, the recorded statement may be read and marked as an exhibit as one of the underlying evidences. Records of a Regularly Conducted Activity A recorded history of certain event or condition with knowledgeable person or has been officially recorded during official business of company organization or on official calls and/or for private use only. If the recording was done regularly, the custodian may be a qualified witness or can issue a certification as to the authenticity of information gathered. Absence of a Record of a Regularly Conducted Activity A recorded event can be made as proof of evidence that an alleged complaint did not take place or even existed. Public Records Official records of office activities are trustworthy evidences. Public Records of Vital Statistics - Legal records of birth, death and marriage are valid proofs of evidences. Absence of a Public Record A testimony or certification certifying that such record in question does not actually exist. Records of Religious Organizations Concerning personal or Family History Recordedd history of religious organization such as birth, baptismal, ancestry, marriage, divorce, death, family tree, etc. Certificates of Marriage, Baptism and similar ceremonies Legal records of ceremonies at the time the act was made as certified by the person performing the act. Family records These are legal facts of family records that may be taken a legal evidence without being contested such as the Bible, family tree, representations, ring engraves, inscriptions on portraits, urn or burial markers. Records of Documents That Affect an Interest in Property - Legal documents of properties are legal and binding if they are duly signed by its owner with copies furnished and archived in public office. Statements in Documents That Affect an Interest in Property A statement contained in a document concerning its property is considered authentic unless contested following due process of law. Statements in Ancient Documents An authentic documentary statement archived within 20 years. Market Reports and Similar Commercial Publication Public records such as receipts, lists, yellow pages or compilations are considered reliable sources as evidence. Statements in Learned Treatises, Periodicals or Pamphlets The statement comprised in treatise, periodical or pamphlet may be examined by an expert as required by the court to support evidences but not as an exhibit. Reputation Concerning Personal or Family History A statement of family lineage can be considered solid evidences of family reputation in the community. Reputation Concerning Boundaries or General History A family background is greatly considered in case of any disputes affecting land boundaries or map relocations. Reputation Concerning Character Character check of an individual. Judgment of a Previous Conviction Evidence signifying final decision of conviction after legal proceedings or a guilty plea has been made; a conviction with death penalty or one year imprisonment; the evidence is acceptable if it is relevant for the judgment and when the prosecutor offer the final conviction in criminal cases aside from being impeached, the judgment would be against the respondent pending an appeal as the case may be but it does not affect in any way its admissibility. Judgments Involving Personal, Family or General History or a Boundary An adjudication permitting to establish matters based on evidence presented in connection with private matters, general history or boundaries. The Catch All Rule or other exceptions Otherwise known as Residual Exceptions, hearsay may be admissible so long as it will serve the purpose in the interest of giving fair judgment. This has been transferred to Rule 807. 801 of FRE describes that a court must establish the declarants intention to assert whether an act of communicating is considered a statement. In as much that the declarant is often unavailable when out-of-court information is presented as evidence in which courts tend to depend on the circumstantial evidence by the declarants assertion. There is no certainty on the declaration of the witness which could possibly be used as evidence upon the judges discretion. Current Rule 801 was created to transfer the yoke to the adversary of the out-of-court statement to attest that the declarant exerted more effort instead of the proponent who generally have pertinent proof of evidence and that the unavailability of the declarant during cross-examination is an indication that no effort has been done to present such assertions. On the premise that there was no intention to oblige the declarant to personally answer during cross-examination is rather biased and not in accordance with what would na turally be assumed that could obfuscate the hearsay rule (American Advisory AUCL). Buy custom Hearsay Rule essay

Hofstedes Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Hofstedes Theory - Essay Example A look into globalization and its effects on international businesses, and the pressure of achieving competitive advantage in the global economy is discussed. Special significance is given to studying the differences between UK and Japanese cultures and to see if any common grounds can be reached for effective management.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The world is full of confrontations between people, groups, and nations who think, feel and act differently, but, at the same time, they are exposed to common problems that demand cooperation for their solution.† (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005, pg3) The above statement effectively summarises the content of the following essay. Since ‘culture’ forms the core topic of the essay, we shall start with defining culture. Culture has been defined time and again by numerous researchers in different ways, but it is important to understand this concept from both sociological and organizational perspectives. Studying culture at societal level will give us a better understanding of the organisational context. Culture is defined as a pattern of shared assumptions that a group learned in order to solve problems, and that the group decided is valid enough to be taught to future generations as the right way of perceiving and solving these problems (Schein, 2004, pg17). In other words, culture is something that is learned and passed on, and not inherited (Hofstede, 1997). It is a multi-faceted concept with many dimensions (Mullins, 1999). Having established ‘culture’ and its application in society, it is evident that individual societies behave according to their own cultural spectra of values and norms, which effectively form their own individual personalities.

Malcom x Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Malcom x - Research Paper Example While in Prison, Malcom read a lot of books and converted to Islam due to influence from his Muslim brothers. He built many Temples across the U.S and later co-founded the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) in 1964 (Muhammad, 2004). Malcom became a Temple minister and played a big role in the launch of the newspaper, Muhammad speaks. Malcom and his role model, Elijah Mohammad, fell out because of ideological difference, prompting Malcom to quit Islam (Malcom X Official Website). Malcom X was a transformational leader, a leader who could trigger off change by challenging the present state of affairs and inspiring others to share in the vision (Lussier and Achua, 2010, p.350). Malcom X began transformational leadership back in school when he was elected class president; Malcom became a street gang leader during his life in crime; he was a prison leader and became the first Islam’s prison minister in the country. After his release, he became the national Spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Malcom managed to increase the number of black Muslims from 500 in1952 to 30,000 in 1963. Finally, Malcom co-founded the Organization of African-American Unity and the Muslim Mosque Incorporated (MMI) (Muhammad, 2004, p.3). Through his leadership positions, Malcom became a revolutionary leader who was out to change the status quo. Malcom assisted in establishing numerous temples and in 1960, he was appointed minister of Temple No. 7 in New York City’s Harlem. In 1961, he launched the Islam Nation’s newspaper, Muhammad Speaks (Mjagkij, 2013,

Treatment Programs for Prison Inmates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Treatment Programs for Prison Inmates - Essay Example The need for adequate treatment measures has been established. Finally various treatment measures that can be incorporated by authorities to ensure rehabilitation of inmates with addiction have been identified and evaluated. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-1V) refers to brain altering substances as 'substances' and to the related disorders as 'substance-related disorders'(1994, p174). The DSM - IV indicates that the term substance refers to a drug of abuse, a medication, or a toxin. The word substance is generally preferable to the word drug because the term drug refers to manufactured chemicals while many of the substances associated with abuse patterns occur naturally (opium) or are not meant for human consumption (phenyl). Here it is vital to differentiate between substance abuse and substance dependence. Substance dependence: This is loosely termed as addiction to alcohol as well as other addictive substances (such as opium, marijuana, cocaine etc). It is a reversible state and the person starts craving the substance under stress, life changes, or a low/depressed mood. Substance abuse: On the other hand, substance abuse is much more serious, wherein the individual becomes tolerant of the substance and needs an increasing amount to reach an inebriated state. An abuser will also face withdrawal symptoms in which state it becomes close to impossible to function normally in the absence of the substance. The life span of the typical addict is about 12 years shorter than the average citizen, and alcohol now ranks as the third major cause of death in the United States (Kaplan and Saddock, 1989, p. 391). Objectives This research has a two pronged objective: To study the link between criminal activity and substance abuse To examine the various treatment programs available for prison inmates with a history of alcohol and drug abuse Increasing crime rates, overpopulated prisons, and few measures taken towards the prevention of crime are major concerns over the world, particularly in countries such as the USA where the crime rate is significantly high. A large number of prison inmates are for the most part substance abusers and there is a close link between substance abuse and crime. In many instances, substance abuse can also be seen as the catalyst that triggers criminal activity. Keeping this in mind, controlling substance abuse in this group in an attempt to decrease crime rates would eventually bring about a significant social change. Identifying and implementing effective treatment programs for prison inmates is therefore a necessary and important step in the overall prevention of crime. Research design This is an exploratory study using an Ex-Post Facto Design. Literature Review Sarah Liriano and Malcolm Ramsay in 2000 attempted to measure prisoners' drug use prior to their prison term as a possible benchmark against which effectiveness of the Prison Service drugs strategy could be monitored. The data from the Criminality Survey showed that (73%) of respondents had used an illegal drug in the twelve months before

News Management of Influenza Outbreak

News Management of Influenza Outbreak 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2.0 NEWS MANAGEMENT The media is facing increasing pressure and demands from the public for timely and varied news stories in diverse angles. Media agencies are seeking above all to be the one-stop conduit of information for their audiences and the understanding of these pressures and angles can help organizations to not only cope with media attention but to also turn it to its advantage. News management according to Underwood (2010) is the process by which organizations attempt to take control of the flow of news to the media and setting the agenda for the media. The media will always want to set the agenda- which is what they consider as newsworthy. Organizations, ranging from businesses to political institutions all leverage this tactic to either establish a positive reputation or counteract public scrutiny in its activities. This is done through; issuing of press releases, holding press conferences and staging events which is also very powerful as a strategy to influence the media in its coverage. News agencies are considered to act as gatekeepers by seeking events and defining stories. The defining of stories that are newsworthy or not is done through a set of criteria called news values (Underwood, 2010). News value, as a criterion helps determine what makes a story and also, can make into the news. The selection of news events is determined by the creation of reality through choices of journalists related to their professional standards and what a journalist or editor considers an event is what they see to be an event and can make the news. For example, the opening of a multinational bank will make a potential news item than the same bank hiring new executives. Organisations can play the media at their own game through news values. For example, a political government choosing to announce details of an embarrassing report on the same day a latest report of an arrest of a corrupt official or an epidemic outbreak is announced. The arrest and epidemic issue may fit the mediaâ⠂¬â„¢s angle and thus rendering the report overlooked. News management within the context of political organisations is seen as a practical solution for governments and political actors to use the media in furthering their political goals. According to Pfetsch (1999), a particular selection and shaping of news is dependent on the institution, political and media context of a country. With political organizations’ objective of controlling information on the public agenda, through shaping media coverage makes news management an important factor. Political actors use news management as a way to manage contingencies, considering instances when the media is fed with information and the organisation still has no power to control the main news coverage. Framing and Spin-control are some of the strategies political organisations employ to control information. Framing as a structure of meaning and interpretation is seen to be connected to message contents, the media and the situation at hand (Klandermans, 1988). Spin-controlling is also a technique that is employed by political organisations in news management to fix results from happenings and to manage expectations of events about to happen (Bruce, 1992). This technique is used by organisations to stress more on features that is attractive to the target media and also avoid the features that are considered undesirable. For example, during election night news coverage, defeats in elections are interpreted as victories in front of television cameras. A typical example of a spin was the news during the September 11th World Trade Center came falling and Jo Moore sent Stephen Byers (Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and Regions) her boss a memo proposing â€Å"it’s now a very good day to get out anything we want to bury. Councillors expenses?† Unfortunately, the memo got leaked and she was reprimanded by her boss and there was a media onslaught and outrage. But on her part, it was a cynical spin which suggests she was able to divert attention on the serious event that has happened (Sparrow, 2001). Every organisation is potential for media scrutiny and needs to be prepared any time. Organisations always strive for brand recognition and reputation building through activities using public relations and advertising strategies; however, the media’s coverage during any event can be unsatisfactory. Therefore, when a crisis event hit an organisation, it isn’t difficult to see the media coming to knock on the door step to seek stories that are newsworthy. Organisations ultimate goal in news management should be to influence by all means possible what kind of news should appear in the media in any situation. Kotoka International Airport (KIA) has hit by a strain of influenza virus, has its image to protect in this crisis and as an organisation, it can only influence media coverage through setting the agenda for the media through an effective news management strategy. 2.0 INTRODUCTION An epidemic outbreak believed to be an influenza virus has come to the notice of the management at the Kotoka International Airport (KIA) in Ghana. Several cases have been reported within the last 3 hours and seven people including three children are now hospitalized and one passenger reported dead from the influenza virus but in another country. The KIA is an airport that has facilities and offers services in line with international standards. KIA has seen more than 2.6 million passengers in 2013. The recent reported a case on the passenger who died of the epidemic was reported to have been on a trip to Thailand. The international airport has structured standard procedures to handle and protect the lives of passengers through its Emergency Medical Services (EMS) but the media in Ghana is criticising KIA on its poor cleaning routines and hygienic practices in controlling the epidemic so far. As the media relations officer of KIA, this strategic plan is devised to manage the news and also counteract any media onslaught concerning the influenza epidemic. 2.1 Aim The aim of this plan is to get the public informed about the influenza outbreak, provide safety actions at the airport and to also assure the public with the trust and confidence of putting the crisis under control. The plan also seeks to counteract any form of media scrutiny and protect the reputation of the KIA. 2.3 Objectives The following are the objectives of the strategic media plan: To install confidence to travellers at the KIA and how management is working effectively to keep the outbreak under control within 72 hours. To inform and communicate facts on the outbreak and minimize rumours before the end of the second day. To promote a positive understanding of the epidemic response, mitigation and control programs in place by the end of 48 hours’ time. To maintain confidence and order in the safety and operations at KIA by the end of the week. 3.0 THE CRISIS COMMUNICATION TEAM (CCT) In the development and implementation of a strategic plan, the first step is the creation of a team who will plan the response and provide the media with all details pertaining to the influenza outbreak at KIA. All the employees will be informed with measures on the influenza epidemic but authorised not to respond to any media enquiries. The CCT will include the following: i. Director of Airports The Director of Airports is Dr Gani and has been serving in that office for 15 years with vast experience and knowledge on the business at the KIA. He will be in authority to direct, control and coordinate the overall management of the epidemic crisis. He will work closely with his deputy in to oversee all measures put in place to control the epidemic and also manage all the section/team heads. ii. Health and Safety Director Mrs Ganira as the director will be playing a very important role. She will be responsible for coordinating all health and safety functions during this emergency at KIA. She will coordinate with all departments and provide messages and information regarding safety conditions to help minimize the outbreak. She will also coordinate with health services for emergency responses and quarantining of affected passengers. iii. Public Information Officer (PIO) Miss Claudia will be responsible for managing all media enquiries and assists in the preparation and dissemination of information and brief the media before a press conference. Supervise and monitor all information for accuracy and consistency before being discharged into the public domain via the media. She will prepare the spokesperson for any press conference or interviews and also train him on regular basis. She will be in-charge of the Media Information Centre (MIC). Chief of Operations Mr Saah will lead the operations section in the development and implementation of the health standard measures. He will ensure the planning and logistics functions support at KIA. He will support the MIC with operational information. He will identify the deployment and actions of each team and also someone to keep a log on all activities throughout. 3.1 DESIGNATED SPOKESPERSON In considering someone as the spokesperson for the team, factors considered include someone who is a real communicator, has a respectable public figure and the media are familiar with and can convey accurate and important messages to the media and public. With such qualities, no other person can occupy that other than Mr Godwin, who is the Deputy Director of Airports. With his vast experience in his past work history as the director of operations for the Ministry of Health, he suits the position to be the spokesperson for the crisis team. 3.2 TIPS FOR THE SPOKESPERSON Every spokesperson is expected to know or possess some characteristics to be able to engage and utilise the media to the organisations advantage. The following tips are considered and followed to gain some form of representation from the media. He must know the policies of KIA and be informed thoroughly on any current information before engaged by the media. Show empathy with those affected but not using words like â€Å"we regret†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which might make it look like a lawsuit. During interviews or Press conferences: When reporters or journalists put up sticky questions to him, he must answer them but will bridge them to the key messages he wants to convey. Must avoid â€Å"No comment† phrase. He will need to avoid replying questions with that phrase he do not want to answer. Appropriate answers can be, â€Å"I don’t have that information with me now. May I research it and get back to you?† And avoid using jargons or acronyms when speaking with news reporters and stick to the facts. 4.0 KEY MESSAGES The key messages play a very important aspect during crisis communication. They need to be few in number, short and concise to the public through the media. Other factors considered for key messages include giving positive action steps, not speculating, use of pronouns and cut-to-the-chase. The message map below shows the key messages to be used. Table 1: Message map for the influenza pandemic crisis 5.0 STRATEGIC MEDIA CHANNELS Media agencies are every time seeking above all to be their audiences’ avenue for information and make it important for the organization to meet its needs. It is imperative for organizations to establish positive relationships with the news media to help build partnership during any situation. KIA has built a positive relationship with key news media agencies in the capital. Therefore during this crisis, KIA’s goal is to be accurate, timely and reliable with its news coverage. There are a wide range of available media channels KIA can employ to disseminate and engage the media to reach its audience. However, the success will depend on the unique and best conduit for widest possible audience. The following will be considered by KIA. 5.1 Press Conference The first action to be taken when KIA has news on the influenza strain within 1 hour to 2 hours is to extend an invitation to media representatives (See Appendix A for Ghana’s media) to attend a press conference. This will help project KIA with an authoritative image and with a credible message during the crisis. To do this, the press statements will be brief, true, and accurate. As first official information, the key messages will include elements like expression of concern for passenger’s welfare, confirmed facts and action steps, the process, commitment statement and where to go for more information and the spokesperson will stay on the key messages throughout. 5.2 Website The next within the 2 hour period of the crisis it to create a crisis page on KIA’s official website and updates will be continuing on any new development on the epidemic at the airport. 5.3 Press release Within 3 to 5 hours period, possible topics would have been identified and press release sent to both the traditional and social media. They will include facts on the epidemic at KIA, and will stay on the key messages 1, 2 and 3. A media kit will be included with detail facts sheets on the crisis at KIA. 5.4 Social Media Considered as the fastest and uncontrolled channels for information travel, KIA will engage the public through key social networking sites Facebook and Twitter. YouTube channel will also be used for broadcasting the information on the epidemic. All key messages will be tweeted often as well as images posted. This will help inform and give details on the epidemic at KIA and users can also engage with the team to know how the crisis is being controlled. Continues updating will be done. Facebook: [emailprotected] Twitter: [emailprotected] and all posts will start with a hash tag (#). Example: #kiainfluenza 5.5 Radio Since radio listening is one of the most listened media outlets, KIA will leverage this tool to reach the wider public through news shows and live talk shows within 42 hours of the crisis. ‘Talk radio’ will provide KIA an opportunity to speak directly on important health messages and share the actions KIA is taking to protect passengers and the spread of the influenza epidemic in the region. (see Appendix B for list of radio stations KIA will be hosted on) 6.0 MONITORING INFORMATION FLOW It is critical to monitor the news on both the traditional media and social media to identify and rectify rumours or misleading reportage. KIA will establish a Media Information Centre (MIC) to function as a central point for all epidemic-related communications and queries from the media. The MIC will serve as the media-monitoring office to monitor all news and make immediate responses. Appendices Appendix A Ghana’s Media Ghana’s media enjoys a high degree of media freedom and thus can pose a threat to organizations during a crisis event. They are free to criticise authorities without fear with a lively press and an often phone-in programs on many radio stations. Radio is the most popular medium with over 200 stations and many of them based in the main cities. The State-run media is the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC). The key media will be listed for the purpose of the plan Source: BBC (2013) Appendix B Schedule for Talk Radio shows References BRUCE, B., 1992. Images of Power. London: Kogan Page. Ghana profile, 2013. News Africa [online] Available on: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13433793 [Accessed on 6 January 2015] KLANDERMANS, B., 1988. The Formation and Mobilization of Consensus. In Nandermans, B., Kriesi Hans Peter, Tarrow Sidney (ed.), International Social Movement Research (Vol. 1, pp. 173-198). PFETSCH, B., 1999. Government news management: Strategic communication in comparative perspective. [online] Available on: https://www.econstor.eu/dspace/bitstream/10419/49821/1/30895761X.pdf [Accessed on 6 January 2015] SPARROW, A. 2001. Sept. 11: A good day to bury bad news. [online] Available on: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1358985/Sept-11-a-good-day-to-bury-bad-news.html [Accessed on 6 January 2015] UNDERWOOD, M. 2010. News Management. [online] Available on: http://www.cultsock.org/index.php?page=media/setorder.html [Accessed on 6 January 2015]